Chapters 8,9,10 – Flashcards
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Goals
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Propelled towards by motivates that activate behavior.
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Incentives
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An object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need.
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"Why" a behavior occurs
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This study of motivation is an attempt to understand this.
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Physiological needs
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-State of deprivation -We must meet these to survive .
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Drives
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Are given rise by needs.
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Inferred
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The only way to learn about to motivation because it can not be observed.
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Activating Effects
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-One of the two effects of hormones. -Sex drive
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Organizing effects
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-One of the two effects of hormones. -masculine of feminine mating patterns.
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Satiety/satisfaction
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-Biological factor in hunger -Is somewhat related to chewing and swallowing, but not completely.
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Hunger pangs
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-Biological factor in hunger -are stomach contractions, but these also are incomplete explanations of eating behavior.
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Homeostasis
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The body's tendencies to maintain a steady state or to act to restore balance in response to deprivation.
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Seek Stimulation
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According to stimulus motives if a person is bored hey will be motivated to
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Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.
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Are the sexual response cycle according to Masters and Johnson.
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Cognitive Psychologist
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Are Psychologists that believe people decide whether or not they will be aggressive based on their previous experience with aggression and their interpretation of the other persons motives.
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Emotions
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Are feeling states with cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components.
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Cognitive representations
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-James Lang theory -Emotions with experience
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Fear
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When an individual exhibits sympathetic arousal and a concern about danger.
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Male perspective
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-Are what explanations for aggression that investigate hormone levels are based on.
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Reflexes
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A neonate is tested for grasp, startle, and suckling responses.
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Moro Reflex
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-startled -When an infant hears a loud noise it draws up his or her legs, arches the back and starts to cry.
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Hearing, Smell
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The two sensory systems most likely connected to mother infant recognition in the first month.
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They are able to crawl
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Is when infants tend to respond to visual cues for depth.
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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational
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Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
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Assimilation and Accommodation
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The two basic concepts Piaget used to describe human thought.
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Law of conservation
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-Concrete operational children understand this law. -that is they understand that the basic properties of substances such as weight, or volume stay the same when they change superficial properties such as shape or arrangement.
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The concrete-operational stage
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children at this level of moral reasoning base their judgments on the consequences of behavior.
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Trust, Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. inferiority.
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Erikson's four childhood goals of social development.
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-Inborn need for contact comfort is as basic as the need for food -Security in a social group is critical
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Relates back to Harry Harlow's experiment demonstrated by monkeys.
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Mature behavior
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One demand of authoritative and authoritarian parents have in common.
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adolescents
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The time of transition between childhood and adulthood.
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Hormones, Need for independence.
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Explanation for the conflicts between adolescents and their parents.
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Ego Identity versus Role Diffusion/ Adolescent Sexuality
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This is the major challenge of adolescents according to Erikson.
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-Reshaping one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful -A positive outlook -Continues to self-challenge
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All of the following can help people live longer.
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Crystallized intelligence
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Intelligence associated with intellectual attainments of a lifetime of acquired knowledge.
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Decision making and complex reasoning
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Your brain on Google suggests middle age and older adults alter their brain response to control.
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Alzheimer's disease
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This disease is characterized by reduce levels of acetylcholine and a buildup of plaque that impairs neuro functioning.
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Successful Aging
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Characteristics include reshaping one's life to concentrate on what one finds meaningful and important a positive outlook and self-challenge.
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Personality
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is the reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives and behavior that distinguish one person from another
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Freudian Personality Theory
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Sigmund Freud was the first to develop this theory.
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Drives like sex, aggression and the need for superiority
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Come into conflict with laws, social rules and moral codes, according to Freud.
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Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
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Sigmund Freud psychosexual stages of development.
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Little girls do not feel inferior to boys
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Karen Horney's views differed from those of Sigmund Freud in that she believed _____.
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Traits
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are reasonable stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.
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Neuroticism
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Emotional instability
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They play down consciousness and personal choice.
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A criticism of the behaviorist theory in regard to personality.
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Validity
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Is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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Reliability
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Ability of one's test results to stay the same from one testing to another.
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MMPI
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Designed to diagnose psychological disorders.
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Instincts
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Instinctual behavior is indicative of _____.
