question

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

answer

social psychology

question

Attribution theory was designed to account for:

answer

how people explain others' behavior.

question

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others.

answer

situational influences; personal dispositions

question

Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________.

answer

political conservatives; political liberals

question

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

answer

belief-based feelings

question

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:

answer

foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to:

answer

comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

question

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:

answer

role-playing on attitudes.

question

Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?

answer

cognitive dissonance theory

question

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to:

answer

gain social approval.

question

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of:

answer

informational social influence.

question

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because:

answer

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

question

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that:

answer

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

question

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:

answer

perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

question

The presence of others ________ a person's performance on well-learned tasks and ________ a person's performance on unmastered tasks.

answer

improves; hinders

question

Deindividuation refers to:

answer

a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

question

A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates:

answer

group polarization.

question

Prejudice is best defined as:

answer

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

question

At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between:

answer

explicit and implicit attitudes.

question

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

answer

similar to; different from

question

According to the text, aggression always involves:

answer

the intent to hurt.

question

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol.

answer

increased; increased

question

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves:

answer

role-playing aggression.

question

vetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.

answer

be perceived as more socially skilled

question

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:

answer

emergency is being observed by a number of other people.

question

Psychological disorders that researchers believe are learned, such as phobias, are most likely to be treated with:

answer

psychotherapy.

question

Mental health therapies that involve prescribed drugs or other procedures that act directly on a patient's nervous system are:

answer

biomedical therapies.

question

A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who:

answer

uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.

question

Helping people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder is a central aim of:

answer

psychoanalysis

question

Unlike psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________ more than the ________.

answer

present; past

question

Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to:

answer

take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions.

question

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of:

answer

behavior therapy.

question

In treating alcoholism, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as:

answer

aversive conditioning

question

In order to encourage Mrs. Coleman, a withdrawn schizophrenia patient, to be more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of:

answer

a token economy.

question

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

answer

cognitive therapy

question

In the 1950s, Hans Eysenck challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy because it appeared to be

answer

no more beneficial than no treatment at all.

question

A National Institute of Mental Health study compared three depression treatments: cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and a standard drug therapy. Patients in ________ improved more than those in a control group.

answer

the cognitive therapy group, the interpersonal therapy group, the standard drug therapy group. ALL OF THE ABOVE GROUPS.

question

Thirty-nine studies compared treatment offered by professional therapists with treatment offered by paraprofessionals. A statistical analysis of these studies indicated that paraprofessionals were typically:

answer

equally effective as professionals even when dealing with disturbed adults.

question

Dr. Genscher believes that most psychological disorders result from chemical abnormalities. In her work as a therapist, Dr. Genscher is most likely to make use of:

answer

drug therapies

question

Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs.

answer

antipsychotic

question

Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of:

answer

depression.

question

Lithium is often an effective ________ drug.

answer

mood-stabilizing

question

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation shows greatest promise for the treatment of:

answer

depression.

question

Psychosurgery involves:

answer

removing or destroying brain tissue.

question

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the incidence of psychological disorders by:

answer

establishing programs to alleviate poverty and other demoralizing situations.

question

Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior as disordered when it is:

answer

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

question

Although Adderall is a ________ drug, it is commonly used in the treatment of ________.

answer

stimulant; ADHD

question

In one study, rats were given prolonged exposure to Ritalin early in life. When the drug was withdrawn later in life, the rats were more likely to show symptoms of ________ than were their control-group counterparts.

answer

depression

question

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are:

answer

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured.

question

Professor McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. The professor's emphasis best illustrates:

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

The DSM-IV does not:

answer

explain the causes of the various psychological disorders.

question

After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the

answer

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

question

Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from:

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from:

answer

a phobia.

question

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenthfloor apartment. In order to reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing:

answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

question

Repeatedly washing your hands is to ________ as repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________.

answer

compulsion; obsession

question

The experience of multiple personalities is most likely to be characterized by:

answer

a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness.

question

The antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by:

answer

a lack of guilt feelings.

question

The prominent feature of mood disorders is the experience of:

answer

emotional extremes.

question

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as:

answer

mania.

question

The risk of suicide is greatest when people:

answer

begin to rebound from their depression.

question

People who suffer chronic depression are at high risk for experiencing:

answer

social rejection

question

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the ________ of inappropriate behaviors, and negative symptoms are the ________ of appropriate behaviors.

answer

presence; absence

question

Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the psychiatric hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from:

answer

schizophrenia.

question

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for

answer

dopamine.

question

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that:

answer

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

question

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of:

answer

behavioral consistency.

question

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms:

answer

made no neurological sense.

question

According to Freud, the unconscious is:

answer

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.

question

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.

answer

reality principle; pleasure principle

question

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

answer

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

question

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of:

answer

childhood sexual instincts.

question

The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to:

answer

meaningless inkblots.

question

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:

answer

self-determination.

question

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

answer

self-concept

question

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.

answer

describing; explaining

question

The MyersBriggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by:

answer

Carl Jung.

question

Which of the following tests was empirically derived?

answer

MMPI

question

Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a(n) ________ personality description.

answer

comprehensive

question

The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of:

answer

expressive styles.

question

Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates:

answer

the Barnum effect.

question

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by:

answer

reciprocal determinism.

question

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates:

answer

an internal locus of control.

question

Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed:

answer

learned helplessness.

question

The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her:

answer

attributional style.

question

The social-cognitive perspective suggests that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's:

answer

past performance in situations involving similar responsibilities.

question

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

answer

the sense of self

question

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates

answer

self-serving bias.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high self-esteem?

answer

self-serving bias

question

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

answer

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.

question

Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n):

answer

instinct

question

A need refers to:

answer

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

question

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

answer

need; drive

question

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as:

answer

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

question

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of:

answer

incentives.

question

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

answer

arousal theory

question

Research on the physiological basis of hunger has indicated that:

answer

hunger continues in humans whose cancerous stomachs have been removed.

question

The set point is:

answer

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.

question

About eight months ago, 14-year-old Shelley went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 80 pounds. Although she is now dangerously underweight and under-nourished, she continues to think she looks fat. Her frustrated father recently forced her to eat a peanut butter sandwich, but Shelley immediately went to the bathroom and threw it all up. Shelley most clearly suffers from:

answer

anorexia nervosa.

question

Twenty-two-year-old Tawana is slightly overweight and loves to eat, particularly snack foods and rich desserts. Fearful of becoming overweight, she frequently takes a laxative following episodes of binge eating. Tawana most clearly suffers from:

answer

bulimia nervosa.

question

The relative risk of death among healthy nonsmokers is highest for:

answer

overweight men.

question

Evidence that obesity is influenced by factors in addition to genetics includes the fact that:

answer

obesity is more common today than it was 40 years ago.

question

The descriptions of orgasm written by men and women are ________, and the subcortical brain regions active in men and women during orgasm are ________:

answer

similar; similar

question

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that:

answer

women's sexual interests are only loosely linked to the phases of their menstrual cycles.

question

Teens who use alcohol prior to sexual intercourse experience:

answer

reduced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.

question

A homosexual orientation is:

answer

very persistent and difficult to change.

question

A biological component of homosexuality is most clearly indicated by evidence of:

answer

sexual interactions between same-sex organisms in several hundred different animal species.

question

Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept of:

answer

achievement motivation.

question

People who are high in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks; people who are low in achievement motivation prefer ________ tasks.

answer

moderately difficult; very easy or very difficult

question

The basic components of emotion are:

answer

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.

question

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that:

answer

to experience emotion is to be aware of one's physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

question

According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.

answer

after; at the same time as

question

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the:

answer

James-Lange theory.

question

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

answer

cognitive activity

question

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

answer

a cognitive label; physical arousal

question

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the:

answer

two-factor theory.

question

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

question

Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________.

answer

best; moderate

question

A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed description of the victim's clothing and death wounds-details that would be known only to a person at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using the:

answer

guilty knowledge test.

question

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the:

answer

prefrontal cortex.

question

In terms of ability to recognize others' facial expressions of emotion:

answer

introverts do better than extraverts and women do better than men.

question

Research on nonverbal communication indicates that

answer

blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion.

question

A friend's misdeed is especially likely to trigger feelings of anger if the misdeed is perceived as:

answer

willful.

question

The term catharsis refers to emotional:

answer

release.

question

Jed wants his roommate Dante to help him study for a physics test. Dante is most likely to want to help after he has:

answer

received an "A" on his psychology test.

question

Subjective well-being among university and college students is ________ with the extent to which love is valued and ________ with the extent to which money is valued.

answer

positively correlated; negatively correlated

question

The text defines stress as:

answer

the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges.

question

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the:

answer

body's response to prolonged stress.

question

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared to Type A men, Type B men were:

answer

less susceptible to heart attacks.

question

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by:

answer

inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.

question

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as:

answer

problem-focused coping.

question

Aerobic exercise has been most closely linked to a decrease in:

answer

depression.

question

Whether a health care treatment is mainstream medicine or an alternative medicine depends on whether the treatment has been:

answer

scientifically validated as effective.

question

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating?

answer

cognition

question

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n):

answer

concept.

question

A prototype is a:

answer

best example of a particular category

question

An algorithm is a:

answer

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

question

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to:

answer

save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

question

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

answer

search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions.

question

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a:

answer

fixation.

question

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to:

answer

judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype.

question

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of:

answer

the availability heuristic.

question

College students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

overconfidence.

question

The value of generating positive first impressions in your initial interactions with a new employer is best underscored by the research on:

answer

belief perseverance.

question

With respect to the debate over the process of language development, nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

answer

Chomsky; Skinner

question

It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children:

answer

generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before.

question

Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of that language are activated in the child's:

answer

language acquisition device

question

Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of:

answer

sign language.

question

Spearman's g factor refers to:

answer

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.

question

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is:

answer

a diverse set of distinct abilities.

question

Although Nicole scored well above average on an academic aptitude test, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of:

answer

emotional intelligence.

question

Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to:

answer

identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes.

question

or the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as:

answer

mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

question

Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.

answer

future performance; current competence

question

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of:

answer

reliability.

question

A measure of intelligence based on head size is likely to have a ________ level of reliability and a ________ level of validity

answer

high; low

question

On average, the intelligence test scores of the Dingbats are much higher than those of the Dodos. The difference in the average test scores of the two groups might be a product of:

answer

genetic differences between two groups with similar environments, environmental differences between two groups with similar genetics,genetic and environmental differences between the two groups, (ANY OF THE ABOVE)

question

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on:

answer

Memory

question

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________

answer

Retention; Acquisition

question

The process of getting information out of memory is called:

answer

retrieval.

question

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

answer

encoding.

question

The effortful processing of information:

answer

can become automatic through practice.

question

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:

answer

encoding.

question

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of:

answer

meanings.

question

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

semantic encoding.

question

Chunking refers to:

answer

the organization of information into meaningful units.

question

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

answer

iconic

question

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as:

answer

12 seconds.

question

Long-term potentiation is a(n):

answer

neural basis for learning and memory.

question

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

answer

long-term.

question

The hippocampus plays a critical role in ________ memory.

answer

explicit

question

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

answer

implicit; explicit

question

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

answer

recall

question

While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of:

answer

déjà vu.

question

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

answer

state-dependent memory.

question

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of:

answer

retroactive interference.

question

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as:

answer

repression.

question

Among contemporary memory researchers, increasing numbers think that ______ rarely, if ever, occurs.

answer

repression

question

The misinformation effect best illustrates the dynamics of:

answer

memory construction.

question

Which of the following techniques used by professional therapists are highly likely to promote the construction of false memories?

answer

hypnosis, drug-induced recall, imagination-enhancing exercises, (ALL OF THE ABOVE)

question

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories are most likely to emphasize that:

answer

extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.

question

Forming many associations between new course material and what you already know is an effective way to build a network of:

answer

retrieval cues.

Chapters 8-15 – Flashcards

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