question

The process of encoding refers to

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getting information into memory.

question

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

answer

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

question

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

answer

implicit

question

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

answer

echoic

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Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

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The spacing effect

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Encoding a written word semantically rather than on the basis of the word's written appearance illustrates a distinction between

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deep and shallow processing.

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Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

answer

hippocampus

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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

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flashbulb memories

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Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates

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a. the testing effect. b. context-dependent memory. c. the spacing effect.

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Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

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rapid and subsequently slows down.

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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

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motivated forgetting

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In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled

answer

broken glass at the scene of the accident.

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As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

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source amnesia

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Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

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it is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories.

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To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.

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The basic components of emotion are

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expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

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to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

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The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the

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Cannon-Bard theory.

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In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

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our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal

question

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

answer

a cognitive label; physical arousal

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Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

answer

amygdala

question

Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by

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Carroll Izard

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As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

answer

sympathetic

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Maureen is an introvert, who prefers staying in and reading a good book. Her friend Paula is an extravert, who would much rather spend her time partying. In terms of their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion and express emotions,

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Maureen is better at recognition and Paula is more expressive.

question

When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her ________ nervous system.

answer

parasympathetic

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Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex is to ________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ________.

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disgust; joy

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When shown a face with an evenly mixed expression of fear and anger, ________ children were much quicker than other children to see anger.

answer

physically abused

question

If a gender-neutral face is made to look angry, most people perceive it as ________. If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as ________.

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male; male

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The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are

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the same throughout the world

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Most participants reported feeling more happy than sad after rubberbands secured to the sides of their faces were stretched over the tops of their heads. Their reactions best illustrated

answer

the facial feedback effect

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Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

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stressor; stress reaction

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Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger

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a fight-or-flight reaction

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The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

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alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

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The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

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the tend-and-befriend response.

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The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

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psychoneuroimmunology

question

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

answer

Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president

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Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his

answer

anger

question

To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates

answer

problem-focused coping

question

Elderly nursing home residents tend to decline faster and die sooner than they would otherwise if they lack

answer

perceived contro

question

The perception that our fate is determined by chance events is most closely associated with

answer

an external locus of control

question

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in

answer

self-control

question

Religiously active people have _______ socially supportive relationships and ________ life-styles than those who are not religiously active.

answer

more;healthier

question

Subjective well-being refers to

answer

self-perceived happiness

question

People are likely to experience higher levels of ________ if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power.

answer

subjective well-being

question

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction?

answer

having an active religious faith

Chapters 8, 10, 11 – Flashcards

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