Chapters 7 and 8 – Flashcards
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According to the text, learning involves
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A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
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Conditioning is the process of
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learning associations
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Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
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classical conditioning
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Children often learn to ASSOCIATE pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying
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operant conditioning
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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
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observational learning
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John B. Watson considered himself to be a
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behaviorist
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Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Notacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
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classical conditioning
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a
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neutral stimulus
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response
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Sweating in hot weather
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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
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the presentation of food in the dog's mouth
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In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a
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unconditioned stimulus
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In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a
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unconditioned response
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In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a
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conditioned response
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A child's learned fear of the mere sight of a hypodermic needle is a
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Conditioned response
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If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a
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conditioned stimulus
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Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with ELECTRIC shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
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acquisition
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Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates
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Higher-order conditioning
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Extinction occurs when a ____ is no longer paired with a ____.
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Conditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Stimulus
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Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone
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Extinction
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Spontaneous recovery refers to the
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reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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Dogs conditioned to salivate when rubbed on their front paws also began to salivate when other parts of their bodies were rubbed. This best illustrates
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generalization
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Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain wave response to an unfamiliar but angry looking face. This best illustrates
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generalization
