Home Page Flashcards Chapters 6, Deviance - Flashcards

Chapters 6, Deviance – Flashcards

Robert May

7 July 2022

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Deviance

answer

Chapter 6

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deviant behavior must be sufficiently serious or unusual to spark a negative sanction or punishment.

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In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must:

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Norms are universal and always identified as deviant across cultures and times

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Which of the following is NOT one of the topics that is examined when sociologists study deviance?

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What is considered deviant changes over time.

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Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

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Yes, it would be in the United States, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

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Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a deviant?

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Deviance can help society clarify its moral boundaries: what is right and wrong. Promote social cohesion(functionalists value this): people can be brought together in the face of crime or other violations.

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Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

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Conflict theory

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Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with

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Differential association theory: Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our association through deviant peers.

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The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy: an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

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What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

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Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.

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Why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?

question

Conflict Theory

answer

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

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Differential association theory.

answer

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

question

Physical disability, alcohol addiction, mental illness, and having served time in jail. All of the above.

answer

Which kinds of departures from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

question

They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.

answer

According to Jack Katz in "Seduction of Crime", why might teenagers shoplift?

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Burglary

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Which of the following is NOT considered a violent crime by the UCR (Uniform crime report)?

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Instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act, that should be supported.

answer

How do sociologists define positive deviance?

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A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

answer

Deviance

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Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both.

answer

Structural Strain Theory

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Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them.

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Innovators

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Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means.

answer

Ritualists

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Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them.

answer

Retreatists

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Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means.

answer

Rebels

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The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion.

answer

Social Control

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Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers.

answer

Differential Association Theory

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Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person.

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Labeling Theory

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In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.

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Primary Deviance

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In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.

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Secondary Deviance

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Redefining the stigma associated with deviant label as a positive phenomenon.

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Tertiary Deviance

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An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true.

answer

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.

answer

Stigma

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Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong.

answer

Passing

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Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection or prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity.

answer

In-group orientation

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According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society.

answer

Outsiders

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Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process.

answer

Deviance Avowal

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The use of electronic media(web pages, social networking sites, email, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone.

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Cyberbullying

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A violation of a norm that has been codified into law.

answer

Crime

question

An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies.

answer

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

question

Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.

answer

Violent Crime

question

Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

answer

Property Crime

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Crime committed by high-status individual in the course of his occupation.

answer

White Collar Crime

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The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course.

answer

Desistance

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Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again.

answer

Plifering

question

An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes.

answer

Deterrence

question

An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal.

answer

Retribution

question

An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them.

answer

Incapacitation

question

An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty.

answer

Rehabilitation

question

A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws.

answer

Criminal Justice System

question

The death penalty.

answer

Capital Punishment

question

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic.

answer

Positive Deviance

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Unlock answers

question

Deviance

answer

Chapter 6

question

deviant behavior must be sufficiently serious or unusual to spark a negative sanction or punishment.

answer

In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must:

question

Norms are universal and always identified as deviant across cultures and times

answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the topics that is examined when sociologists study deviance?

question

What is considered deviant changes over time.

answer

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

question

Yes, it would be in the United States, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

answer

Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a deviant?

question

answer

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

question

Conflict theory

answer

question

Differential association theory: Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our association through deviant peers.

answer

question

Self-fulfilling Prophecy: an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

answer

What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

question

Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.

answer

Why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?

question

Conflict Theory

answer

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

question

Differential association theory.

answer

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

question

Physical disability, alcohol addiction, mental illness, and having served time in jail. All of the above.

answer

Which kinds of departures from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

question

They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.

answer

According to Jack Katz in "Seduction of Crime", why might teenagers shoplift?

question

Burglary

answer

Which of the following is NOT considered a violent crime by the UCR (Uniform crime report)?

question

Instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act, that should be supported.

answer

How do sociologists define positive deviance?

question

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

answer

Deviance

question

answer

Structural Strain Theory

question

Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them.

answer

Innovators

question

Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means.

answer

Ritualists

question

Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them.

answer

Retreatists

question

Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means.

answer

Rebels

question

The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion.

answer

Social Control

question

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers.

answer

Differential Association Theory

question

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person.

answer

Labeling Theory

question

In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.

answer

Primary Deviance

question

In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.

answer

Secondary Deviance

question

Redefining the stigma associated with deviant label as a positive phenomenon.

answer

Tertiary Deviance

question

An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true.

answer

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

question

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.

answer

Stigma

question

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong.

answer

Passing

question

Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection or prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity.

answer

In-group orientation

question

According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society.

answer

Outsiders

question

Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process.

answer

Deviance Avowal

question

The use of electronic media(web pages, social networking sites, email, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone.

answer

Cyberbullying

question

A violation of a norm that has been codified into law.

answer

Crime

question

An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies.

answer

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

question

Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.

answer

Violent Crime

question

Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

answer

Property Crime

question

Crime committed by high-status individual in the course of his occupation.

answer

White Collar Crime

question

The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course.

answer

Desistance

question

Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again.

answer

Plifering

question

An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes.

answer

Deterrence

question

An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal.

answer

Retribution

question

An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them.

answer

Incapacitation

question

An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty.

answer

Rehabilitation

question

A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws.

answer

Criminal Justice System

question

The death penalty.

answer

Capital Punishment

question

Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic.

answer

Positive Deviance

Chapters 6, Deviance – Flashcards

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