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Deviance

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Chapter 6

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deviant behavior must be sufficiently serious or unusual to spark a negative sanction or punishment.

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In order for a behavior, trait, or belief to be considered deviant, it must:

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Norms are universal and always identified as deviant across cultures and times

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Which of the following is NOT one of the topics that is examined when sociologists study deviance?

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What is considered deviant changes over time.

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Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

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Yes, it would be in the United States, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

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Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a deviant?

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Deviance can help society clarify its moral boundaries: what is right and wrong. Promote social cohesion(functionalists value this): people can be brought together in the face of crime or other violations.

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Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

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Conflict theory

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Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with

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Differential association theory: Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our association through deviant peers.

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The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy: an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true

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What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

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Earlier societies did not have sufficient resources to operate prisons.

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Why was imprisonment such a rare type of punishment before the nineteenth century?

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Conflict Theory

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What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom?

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Differential association theory.

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The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

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Physical disability, alcohol addiction, mental illness, and having served time in jail. All of the above.

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Which kinds of departures from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

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They want the thrill of getting away with breaking the rules.

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According to Jack Katz in "Seduction of Crime", why might teenagers shoplift?

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Burglary

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Which of the following is NOT considered a violent crime by the UCR (Uniform crime report)?

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Instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act, that should be supported.

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How do sociologists define positive deviance?

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A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.

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Deviance

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Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both.

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Structural Strain Theory

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Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them.

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Innovators

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Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means.

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Ritualists

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Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them.

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Retreatists

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Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means.

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Rebels

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The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion.

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Social Control

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Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers.

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Differential Association Theory

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Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person.

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Labeling Theory

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In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.

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Primary Deviance

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In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant.

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Secondary Deviance

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Redefining the stigma associated with deviant label as a positive phenomenon.

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Tertiary Deviance

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An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true.

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction.

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Stigma

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Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong.

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Passing

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Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection or prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity.

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In-group orientation

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According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society.

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Outsiders

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Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process.

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Deviance Avowal

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The use of electronic media(web pages, social networking sites, email, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone.

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Cyberbullying

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A violation of a norm that has been codified into law.

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Crime

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An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies.

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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

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Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery.

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Violent Crime

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Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

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Property Crime

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Crime committed by high-status individual in the course of his occupation.

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White Collar Crime

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The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course.

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Desistance

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Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again.

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Plifering

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An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes.

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Deterrence

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An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal.

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Retribution

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An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them.

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Incapacitation

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An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty.

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Rehabilitation

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A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws.

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Criminal Justice System

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The death penalty.

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Capital Punishment

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Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic.

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Positive Deviance

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