question

social interaction

answer

the ways in which people respond to one another, whether face-to-face or over the telephone or on the computer

question

social structure

answer

5 elements: statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions. these 5 elements make up the social structure

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ascribed status

answer

assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group

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achieved status

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something that has been done in order to acquire the status. ex. lawyer, pianist, sorority member.

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Master status

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status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society. ex. Arthur Ashe who had AIDS and was a famous tennis star. once he died, all anyone remembered was that he had AIDS.

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social role

answer

set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. ex. we expect a taxi driver to know their way around the city and that receptionists know how to handle all phone calls.

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role conflict

answer

incompatible expectation arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. ex. woman firefighter or a male preschool teacher

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role strain

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difficulty when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

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role exit

answer

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.

question

4 stage process for role exit

answer

1. doubt- person experiences frustration, burnout, or simply unhappiness. 2. search for alternatives. 3. action stage or departure 4. create a new identity

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group

answer

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. ex. women's basketball team

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social network

answer

a series of social relationships that a links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people. 1 of the 5 basic elements of social structure

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social institutions

answer

organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel (the family) and preserving order (the government)

question

5 essential functions of social institutions

answer

1. replacing personnel. ex: when people graduate, you need to add new Pi Phi's 2. teaching new recruits. ex: need to teach the new girls Pi Phi songs 3. producing and distributing goods and services. ex: reading to children in the library and kisses for the troops 4. preserving order. ex: having Jada as the leader who implements the rules and when someone gets drunk and makes a fool of herself in the hall, no activities for you 5. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose ex: girls want to stay a Pi Phi for what we do and the things we get to be a part of

question

social interaction refers to the ways in which

answer

people respond to one another

question

social structure refers to the way in which a

answer

society is organized into predictable relationships

question

mechanical solidarity- Durkheim

answer

all individuals perform the same tasks. ex: cave men all hunted, built homes and stuff, there was no need to ask them what they did for a living

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Gemeinschaft- Ferdinand Tapnnies

answer

is typical of rural life. a small community where everyone has the same backgrounds and life experiences

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Gesellschaft

answer

an ideal community that is characteristic of a modern urban life. most people are strangers who feel little in common with other residents

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sociocultural evolution- Gerhard Lenski

answer

long term social trends resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation and selection

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Technology - Lenski

answer

"cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires"

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Horticultural societies Beginning of human life - Lenski

answer

people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods, emerged about 12,000 years ago

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Hunting-and-gathering 12,000 years ago- Lenski

answer

Nomadic; reliance on readily available food and fibers

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Agrarian 5,000 years ago - Lenski

answer

Larger, more stable settlements; improved technology and increased crop yields

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Industrial 1760-1850 - Lenski

answer

Reliance on mechanical power and new sources of energy; centralized workplaces; economic interdependence; formal education

question

Postindustrial 1960s - Lenski

answer

Reliance on services, especially the processing and control of information; expended middle class

question

Postmodern latter 1970s - Lenski

answer

High technology; mass consumption of consumer goods and media images; cross-cultural integration

question

industrial society

answer

society that depends on mechanization to produce its good and services. rely on new inventions that facilitate agricultural and industrial production

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postindustrial society - Daniel Bell

answer

economic system is engages primarily in the processing and control of information.

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hyperconsumerism - Jean Baudrillard

answer

practice of buying more than we need or want, often more than we can afford, under such circumstances

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primary group

answer

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

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secondary group

answer

formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

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in-group

answer

any group or category to which people feel they belong

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out-group

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a group or category to which people feel they do NOT belong

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reference group

answer

group of individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

question

coalition

answer

a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

question

symbolic interactionalists argue that reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluations, and

answer

beliefs

question

all social interaction takes place within a(n) ___________________, including those interactions that redefine social reality

answer

social role

question

when people with similar norms, values, and expectations interact with each other, they form a ______________

answer

group

question

the connections that individuals make with people in different social circles are known as social

answer

networks

question

examples of social institutions

answer

religion, mass media, family, and government

question

the health care system, the mass media, and the government are all examples of

answer

social institutions

question

in a(n) _______________ society, statuses and social roles are in a constant state of flux. All members are dependent on each other for survival because the division of labor has become so complex

answer

organic

question

Emile Durkheim used the term _______________ to label a society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else

answer

mechanical solidarity

question

The sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a (n) ________________ society and the term Gesellschaft to refer to a (n) _________________ society

answer

close-knit; impersonal

question

which of the following statements about industrial society are true?

answer

it depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services and it relies on new sources of energy

question

In a(n) _____________ occupations devoted to teaching, generation, or dissemination of ideas are common, and jobs in such fields as advertising, human resources, and computer information systems are typical.

answer

postindustrial society

question

hunting-and gathering

answer

relies on whatever food and fibers are readily available; technology is minimal

question

horticultural relies on

answer

plants crops and places more emphasis on the production of tools and household objects

question

agrarian is what?

answer

engages primarily in the production of food, but new technological innovations such as the plow allow an increase in crop yields

question

industrial is what?

answer

depends on mechanization to produce goods and services relies on new inventions and new sources of energy

question

postindustrial is what?

answer

relies primarily on the processing and control of information

question

postmodern is what?

answer

depends on consumer good and media images

question

which type of society is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images?

answer

postmodern

question

a group with very little social intimacy, such as a large college class, is called a(n) ____________

answer

secondary group

question

the meanings we attach to someone's behavior tend to reflect the norms and values of

answer

the dominant culture`

question

if a specific group has the ability to deliberately affect the way we define and conceptualize our social reality, what do we know about that group?

answer

it has power

question

all social interaction takes place within a(n) ____________________, including interactions that redefine social reality

answer

social structure

question

there are a number of functions that a social institution must fulfill to survive. what are some of those functions?

answer

providing a sense of purpose, preserving order, and teaching new recruits

question

in this type of community there is little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies

answer

gesellschaft

question

according to sociologist Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity exists when societies become

answer

more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise

question

the type of society where the economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information and the main output is services instead of manufactured goods is known as which of the following?

answer

postindustrial

question

which of the following refers to the long-term trends in societies that result from the interplay of continuity, innovation and selection?

answer

sociocultural evolution

question

in a society with few social rules and little division of labor and where most people can do many of the same things, people experience

answer

mechanical solidarity

question

a _________________ is a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

answer

bureaucracy

question

Elements of social structure

answer

roles, groups, and statuses

question

division of labor

answer

produces efficiency in a large-scale corporation

question

hierarchy of authority

answer

clarifies who is in command

question

written rules and regulations

answer

workers know expectationsimpersonality

question

employment based on qualifications

answer

protect against arbitrary dismissal

question

impersonality

answer

encourages equal treatment of everybody

question

characteristics of a typical bureaucracy

answer

division of labor, employment based on technical qualifications, written rules and regulations

question

a person having a difficult time performing all of the duties required by their difficult and demanding job is experiencing role _______________

answer

strain

question

which of the following are downsides of division of labor?

answer

alienation and weakens job security

question

what is the modern, alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy?

answer

human relations approach

question

according to the functionalist view, which of the following are the major tasks of a social institution if it is to survive?

answer

producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, providing and maintaining a sense of purpose, teaching new recruits, and replacing personnel

question

an ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor, hierarchy of authority, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications, and

answer

written rules and regulations

question

a set of expectations for people who occupy a given position or status is called a social

answer

role

question

your boss is a staunch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from

answer

goal displacement

question

according to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be

answer

motivated almost entirely by economic rewards, a resource just like a machine, and efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision

question

the sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and as such reinforce the process of rule by a few. he referred to this idea as

answer

the iron law of oligarchy

question

which of the following are types of statuses?

answer

ascribed, achieved, and master

question

which of the following are advantages for people who develop social networks?

answer

empowering people by making several types of resources available, helping people find employment, and making connections to people in other groups

question

social reality is constructed from

answer

a particular group's power within a society, the ability of the dominant group to define the society's values, and social interaction

question

"president of the United States," "mother", and "wife" are all examples of

answer

status

question

if a company focuses on employee job satisfaction and gathers information from the employees to improve morale and communication with the management, this type of organizational culture is called the

answer

human relations approach

question

the classical theory of formal organizations states that workers are motivated almost entirely by

answer

economic rewards

question

which of the following are characteristics of a formal government?

answer

designed for special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency

question

the process by which the principles of bureaucratization, namely predicability, efficiency, and dependence on non-human technology, are coming to dominate more sectors of U.S. and global society is called

answer

mcDonaldization

question

Lee is supervising her best friend at work and must admonish him for a policy violation; she will likely experience role

answer

conflict

question

the hypothesis that states that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is known as

answer

the peter principle

question

your friend decides that she likes the goth subculture. she begins to dress in black, hang out with new people, listen to new music, and act unlike her previous self. Sue has adopted the goths as a(n) ________________________

answer

reference group

question

which of the following are examples of preindustrial societies?

answer

societies that subsist on existing foods, societies that create artifacts and pass them on from one generation to the next, societies that plant crops but have limited technologies

question

the term _________ refers to the unofficial activities and interactions that are a basic part of daily operations with formal organizations

answer

bureaucracy's of other face

question

when a bureaucracy establishes a hierarchy, which of the following can occur?

answer

mistakes are hidden, employees kno who is in command, and employees do not have a voice in decision making

question

the large secondary groups that increasingly dominate contemporary society are known as _________________ organizations

answer

formal

question

feeling estranged or dissociated from the surrounding society is called

answer

alienatin

question

members of which of the following groups have, by definition, a collective sense of "us"?

answer

in-group

question

everyone holds many different and sometimes conflicting statuses. the status that dominates the others and determines a person's general position in society is called the

answer

master status

question

a woman who keeps getting into trouble at work for taking time off when her children are home sick is experiencing

answer

role conflict

question

sandy had worked for the same company for 15 years. over the years, the company began to modernize, and some workers were replaced by technology. emphasis was placed on the efficient process and consistent outcomes. sandy's company was undergoing

answer

mcdonaldization

question

the idea that even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few is called iron law of

answer

oligarchy

question

effie had a solid education, a great attitude, and an eagerness to learn. as a result, she was steadily promoted to more responsible positions. after two years effie was promoted to a direct position, but she discovered she did not have the qualifications or skills the position required. effie was a victim of

answer

the peter principle

question

which of the following is an example of the ideal purpose of a coalition?

answer

affluent and working-class residents working together to improve sidewalks and streets

question

when workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems, they are experiencing

answer

trained incapacity

question

mass media

answer

to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences

question

cultural convergence

answer

the flow of content across multiple media, and the accompanying migration of media audiences

question

what does media do for us?

answer

socializes, enforces social norms, confer status, and promote consumption

question

hyperconsumerism

answer

French sociologist Jean Baudrillard began: refers to the practice of buying more than we need or wants, and often more than we can afford

question

functions of media advertising

answer

supports the economy, provides information about products, and underwrites the cost of media

question

narcotizing dysfunction

answer

the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue

question

gatekeeping

answer

media's ability to decide what is transmitted by decision of a small number of people in control.

question

media monitoring

answer

used most often to interest groups' monitoring of media content

question

ex. of media monitoring

answer

the government monitoring individual's phone calls without their knowledge

question

dominant ideology

answer

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

question

stereotypes

answer

unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

question

hyper-local media

answer

reporting that is highly local

question

digital divide

answer

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries

question

social capital

answer

the collective benefit of social network, which are built on reciprocal trust

question

crowdsourcing

answer

the use of internet to seek assistance from the general public in the form of finances, services, , or even ideas

question

ex. of a secondary group

answer

group of people gathered in a large auditorium

question

ex. of a primary group

answer

family watching the latest disney video at home

question

opinion leader

answer

someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication. ex. a movie critic functions as an opinion leader

question

big data

answer

Charles Tilly coined the term to refer to the rapid collection and analysis of enormous amounts of information by supercomputers

question

from the functionalist perspective, the media can be dysfunctional in what way?

answer

they desensitize us to events

question

Sociologist Robert Park studied how newspapers helped immigrants to the United States adjust to their environment by changing their customary habits and by teaching them the opinions held by people in their new home country. His study was conducted from which sociological perspective?

answer

the functionalist perspective

question

There are problems inherent in the socialization function of the mass media. For example, many people worry about

answer

the effect os using the television as a babysitter and the impact of violent programming on the viewer behavior

question

Media advertising has several clear functions, but it also has dysfunctions. Sociologists are concerned that

answer

it creates unrealistic expectations of what is required to be happy, it creates new consumer needs, advertisers are able to influence media content

question

Gatekeeping, the process by which a relatively small number of people control what material reaches an audience, is largely dominant in all but which of the following media?

answer

the internet

question

Which sociological perspective is especially concerned with the media's ability to decide what gets transmitted through gatekeeping?

answer

the conflict perspective

question

Which of the following is not a problem feminist theorists see with media coverage?

answer

the increasing frequency of single moms in the media is providing a negative role model for women

question

Which of the following is not true concerning how men and women use the Internet?

answer

men account for 100 percent of players in online sports fantasy leagues

question

Sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues pioneered the study of

answer

opinion leaders

question

In his study of how the social composition of audience members affected how they interpreted the news coverage of riots in Los Angeles in 1992, sociologist Darnell Hunt found what kind of differences in perception?

answer

racial

question

The mass media increase social cohesion by presenting a more or less standardized, common view of culture through mass communication. This statement reflects the perspective.

answer

functionalist

question

Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton created the term to refer to the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of information that the audience becomes numb and generally fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue.

answer

narcotizing dysfunction

question

____________________is the term used to describe the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

answer

dominant ideology

question

Sociologists blame the mass media for the creation and perpetuation of ________________, or generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.

answer

stereotypes

question

The ______________ perspective contends that television distorts the political process.

answer

conflict

question

We risk being ______________ if we overstress U.S. dominance and assume that other nations do not play a role in media cultural exports.

answer

ethnocentric

question

Both ________________ and __________________ theorists are troubled that the victims depicted in violent imagery are often those who are given less respect in real life: women, children, the poor, racial minorities, citizens of foreign countries, and even the physically disabled.

answer

conflict, feminist

question

The ______________ perspective examines the media on the micro level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior.

answer

interactionists

question

From a sociological point of view, the current controversy over privacy and media censorship illustrates the concept of ______________ _________________ .

answer

culture lag

question

Nearly 50 years ago, Canadian media theorist predicted that the rise of the electronic media would create a "global village."

answer

Marshall Mcluhan

question

advertising that is used in both the TV and the internet mediums is another form of

answer

madd media

question

the ____________ has surpassed TV as the most commonly used medium in our society today

answer

internet

question

which of the following are examples of how the media acts as an enforcer of social norms?

answer

programs that persuade teens not to send compromising photos of themselves and television shows that show bad guys getting cuahgt

question

which medium bombards children with the most advertising?

answer

television

question

true or false: advertising is a form of mass media

answer

true

question

which of the following categories of socialists would most likely focus on media bias toward or against certain racial, ethnic, or gender groups?

answer

conflict theorists

question

which of the following best describes global conglomerates such as Walt Disney, Time Warner the news corporation, and Sony?

answer

media giants

question

offering divergent views on a particular topic limits the amount of _________________

answer

gatekeeping

question

which of the following sociologist would most likely focus on government efforts to regulate the flow of information on the internet?

answer

conflict

question

which of the following would be the most likely to monitor the media for content relating to their particular cause?

answer

interest groups

question

when media uses _____________, they may create false images of these groups that then become accepted as accurate portrayals of reality.

answer

stereotypes

question

which of the following statements about minority groups and overweight people on TV programs are true?

answer

homosexual characters generally conform to stereotypes ad there are fewer overweight characters on TV than there are in real life

question

the united states is considered to be a leader in the entertainment industry, but several popular TV shows have been developed in other countries. from the functionalist perspective, the impact of this indirect exposure to other cultures is

answer

positive

question

True about dominant ideologies and TV shows

answer

TV is gradually moving away from U.S. domination across the globe

question

viewers in the US almost never hear news from countries in the developing world unless the countries are experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster. this unbalanced media coverage tends to increase the viewers'

answer

ethnocentrism

question

worldwide, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have little to no access to the latest technologies, such as computers, the internet, and e-mail. this lack of technology is called

answer

the digital divide

question

women are often portrayed in media as helpless and/or objects of abuse. this perpetuates gender

answer

stereotypes

question

interactionalists would be more apt. to focus on which of the following when gathering data on how the media affects social behavior?

answer

small groups

question

a audience that consists of close family members watching their grandparents' wedding video would be described as

answer

primary group members

question

observing audience members interacting at sports event would be an example of looking at the audience from the level of

answer

microsociology

question

an advertiser hoping to sell Viagra would most likely choose to air its commercials during

answer

sporting events

question

A(n) ______________ is someone who influences opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication

answer

opinion leader

question

based on theoretical perspective, which of the following takes the most positive view of the internet?

answer

functionalists

question

from a functionalist perspective, what function do TV crime dramas serve for society?

answer

they reinforce differences between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

question

______________ is the buying of more than what we need or can afford

answer

hyperconsumerism

question

____________________ emphasize that the media reflect and even exacerbate many of the divisions in our society and world

answer

conflict theorists

question

unlike broadcast TV, the internet lacks gatekeeping. what is the main dysfunction of this?

answer

there can be a promotion of misinformation

question

which of the following TV reality shows originated outside the US?

answer

big brother, who wants to be a millionaire, survivor, and iron chef

question

the viewing audience for TV shows produced in the US is beginning to drop in certain European countries. which of the following best describes this phenomenon?

answer

european TV programs are promoting their own culture

question

during the aftermath of a tragic event in a large middle school, which segment of those affected would an interactionalist consider interviewing to determine how this event affected the community?

answer

family members

question

at the _____________ level sociologists might examine broader societal consequences of media such as the early childhood education delivered through programming like Sesame Street.

answer

macro

question

which of the following are examples of mass media acting as an agent of socialization?

answer

reading newspapers to learn about popular opinion and culture, checking Twitter to keep up with the latest news and share information, watching TV news to learn about important events

question

which of the following groups access the internet at a higher rate?

answer

well-educated people, young people, affluent people

question

which of the following are likely consequences of people managing and restricting their media

answer

less exposure to a variety of ideas and thoughts and more closed-minded society

question

which of the following perspectives focuses on the media's tendency to perpetuate the dominant ideology?

answer

conflict

question

feminist theorists have many different views towards women and pornography, but most think that pornography does which of the following?

answer

presents women as sex objects and condones the portrayal of women as sex objects

question

which sociological theory focuses on how technology has enhanced the global village?

answer

functionalism

question

the sociologist Todd Gillian considers the term _________ a more apt metaphor for the media's reach than the term global village

answer

global torrent

question

which group has a higher rate of accessing the internet? .

answer

people with a college degree

question

socialnetworking sites such as Facebook and Myspace allow people to disseminate information to many friends and associates at one time. according to sociologists, these sites are considered to be

answer

functional

question

featuring brand-name items on a TV show, such as having characters eat Subway sandwiches or drive Chevrolet cars, is an example of

answer

product placement

question

when a US private enterprise uses gatekeeping to disseminate information, its primary goal is to

answer

maximize profits

question

T/F: functionalists argue that there is a dominant ideology that supports the position of the mass media to maintain privileges of a certain group, to maintain the power of that group, and to limit representation of other groups

answer

false

question

which of the following processes is the most populat conferring status on individuals through the mass media?

answer

electronic mediu

question

cultural beliefs that are designed to maintain economic, political and social interests for those in power is an Ex. of

answer

dominant ideology

question

social control

answer

refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.

question

sanction

answer

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.

question

conformity

answer

to mean going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior.

question

obedience

answer

compliance with higher euthorities in a hierarchical structure

question

informal social control

answer

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means by laughter, smiles, and ridicule

question

formal social control

answer

carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters.

question

law

answer

governmental social control

question

sociologists see the creation of laws as

answer

a social process

question

control theory

answer

our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

question

a society uses _____________________________ to encourage acceptance of basic norms

answer

social control

question

Stanley Milgram defined _____________as going along with one's peers; ___________________ is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

answer

conformity obedience

question

Deviance

answer

is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

question

examples of deviants

answer

alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and people with mental illness

question

stigma - erving Goffman

answer

labels of society uses to devalue members of a certain social group

question

according to __________________, deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive as well as negative consequences for social stability

answer

functionalists

question

In Durkheim's view, the punishment within a culture help

answer

define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to stability

question

anomie

answer

the loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

question

anomie theory of deviance -Robert Merton

answer

5 types of behavior conformity, retreats, innovation, ritualism, and rebellion

question

retreatist

answer

withdrawn from both the goals and means of society

question

innovator

answer

accepts the goals of society, but pursues them with means that are regarded as imporper

question

ritualist

answer

has abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed t the institutional means

question

rebel

answer

FEELS ALIENATIED FROM THE DOMINANT MEANS AND GOALS AND MAY SEEK A DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT SOCIAL ORDER

question

Examples of innovators

answer

a driver that violates the speed limit to get to a job interview or a mom who steals food in order to provde for her family

question

cultural transmission - Edwin Sutherland

answer

emphasizes that one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others v

question

differential association -edwin sutherland

answer

exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

question

social disorganization theory

answer

increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the school, church, and local government

question

labeling theory

answer

approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviances, delinquents, bad kids, losers and criminals whereas others whose behavior is similar are not seen in such harsh terms

question

societal-reaction approach

answer

the response to an act, not the behavior itself, that determines deviance.

question

racial profiling

answer

people are identified as criminal suspects purely on their basis of their race

question

social constructionist perspective

answer

deviance is the product of the culture we live in. focuses specifically on the decision-making process that creates the deviant identity

question

differential justice

answer

differences in the way social control is exercises over different groups -- puts African Americans, Latinos at a disadvantage in the justice system, both as juveniles and as adults

question

2 feminist criminologists

answer

Freda Adler and Meda Chesney-Lind

question

Anomie- theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

functionalist, Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton. Adaptation in societal norms

question

Cultural transmission/ Differential association- theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

interactionalist, edwin sutherland. Patterns learned through others

question

Social disorganization - theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

interactionalist, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. Communal releationships

question

Labeling/ Social constructionalist - theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

interactionalist, Howard Becker and William Chambliss. Societal response to acts

question

Conflist - theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

Conflict, Richard Quinney. dominance by authorized agents discretionary justice

question

Feminist - theoretical perspective, people, and emphasis

answer

conflict/ feminist, Freda Adler and Media Chesney-Lind. Role of gender and women as victims and perpretrators

question

some forms of _____________ carry a negative social _____________, while other forms are more or less accepted

answer

deviance stigma

question

crime

answer

is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties. It represents a deviation from formal social norms administered by the state.

question

victimless crime

answer

describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services, such as prostitution

question

organized crime

answer

the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs

question

white-collar crime

answer

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities. ex. income tax invasion, stock manipulation, embezzlement, and misrepresentation of edvertising

question

hate crime

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when the offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation

question

transnational crime

answer

crime that occurs across multiple national borders

question

index crimes

answer

the eight types of crime tabulated each year by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

question

Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. This process is termed

answer

social control

question

Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive?

answer

the functionalist perspective

question

Stanley Milgram used the word conformity to mean

answer

going along with peers

question

Which sociological theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?

answer

control theory

question

Which of the following statements is true of deviance?

answer

Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

question

Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance in his study of Puritans in 17th-century New England?

answer

Kai Erikson

question

Which of the following is an example of innovation as defined in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?

answer

Rather than writing an original essay, a student copies his submission from the Internet.

question

Which sociologist first advanced the idea that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts?

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

Which of the following theories contends that criminal victimization increases when communal relationships and social institutions break down?

answer

social disorganization theory

question

Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males (the Saints and the Roughnecks) and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups?

answer

William Chambliss

question

If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal ______________________

answer

sanctions

question

Police officers, judges, administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of __________________ social control.

answer

formal

question

Some norms are considered so important by a society that they are formalized into _____________________ controlling people's behavior.

answer

laws

question

It is important to underscore the fact that ____________________ is the primary source of conformity and obedience, including obedience to law.

answer

socialization

question

_____________________ is a state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as a time of economic collapse.

answer

anomie

question

Labeling theory is also called the ____________________ approach.

answer

societal-reaction

question

_______________________ theorists view standards of deviant behavior as merely reflecting cultural norms, whereas ______________________________ and _________________________ theorists point out that the most powerful groups in a society can shape laws and standards and determine who is (or is not) prosecuted as a criminal.

answer

functionalist, conflict, labeling

question

Feminists contend that prostitution and some forms of pornography are not __________________ crimes.

answer

victimless

question

Daniel Bell used the term _____________________ to describe the process during which leadership of organized crime was transferred from Irish Americans to Jewish Americans and later to Italian Americans and others.

answer

ethnic succession

question

Consumer fraud, bribery, and income tax evasion are considered _________________________ crimes.

answer

white-collar

question

which of the following would be considered social norms?

answer

sports rules, a company dress code, and friends' ideas about how you should behavethe

question

Erving Goffman coined the term _______________ to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

answer

stigma

question

______________ and _______________ theorists argue that the most powerful groups within a society can shape laws and standards to suit their own perspective, whereas __________ theorists argue that standards of deviant behavior reflect cultural norms

answer

conflict; labeling; functionalist

question

_____________________ believe that deviance serves important benefits for society

answer

functionalists

question

_______________________ argue that durable social patterns must serve a function for society, and therefore look for the social functions of deviance

answer

functionalists

question

_____________ believe that deviance is defined by the way society views certain individuals or groups

answer

labeling

question

_________________________ theorists argue that any behavior may be defined as deviant or acceptable, depending upon traits of the person and the situation in which the behavior has enacted

answer

labeling

question

_________ believe deviance is defined to suit the needs of those in power

answer

conflict

question

_______________ theorists view deviance as a disagreement between those with power and those who engage in behavior the powerful do not like

answer

conflict

question

________ believe gender plays a role in how deviance is defined and handled

answer

feminist

question

Emile durkheim sugested the punishments within a culture help define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social ___________

answer

stability

question

functionalists note that deviance creates both ______ and _______ consequences for stability

answer

positive and negative

question

the term social control refers to the

answer

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

question

all of the following are example of informatl social control

answer

laughing at someone, teasing someone, mocking a person

question

which of the following are agents authorized to carry out formal social control against those who violate social norms?

answer

judges and police officers

question

historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion, gender, age, and sexual orientation were difficult to implement because many people tacitly encouraged the _________ of such measures

answer

violation

question

the social psychologist _______ made a useful distinction between conformity and obedience

answer

stanley milgram

question

the social psychologist stanley milligram used the term conformity to mean

answer

going alongbwith peers who have no authority to control our behavior

question

conformity examples

answer

design like peers, adopting a trendy hairstyle, using recognizable slang with friends, buying the latest pair of shoes,

question

examples of obedience

answer

stopping st a stop sign, meeting a deadline at work, and paying taxes

question

informal social control is used by people to casually enforce social

answer

norms

question

spanking children by parents, which is widely accepted in the U.S. and in many other countries, is a type of

answer

informal social control

question

formal social control is used to encourage ______ and discourage violations of social norms

answer

obedience and conformity

question

the term law may be defined as

answer

governmental social control

question

according to _________ theorists, socialization develops our self-control so well that we do not need further press to obey social norms

answer

control

question

every culture, subculture, and group has social ___________, which are rules or expectations of acceptable behavior by its members

answer

norms

question

when members of a culture violate the norms of that culture that are displaying ______________ behavior

answer

deviant

question

what did emile durkheim claim as the most important function of punishing deviants?

answer

it helps define acceptable behavior and thus contributes to social stability

question

the failure to behave according to society's norms can result in which of the following?

answer

jail sentences, fear and ridicule, and fines

question

recruits who enter military service typically ____________ to the habits and language of other recruits and _______ the orders of superior officers

answer

conform; obey

question

when a school principal suspends a student, the principal is using or applying

answer

formal social control

question

according to sociologist Travis Hirschi's Control theory, people conform to society's norms because

answer

of their bonds to family, friends, and peers

question

accept approved social goals and the legitimate means of achieving them (ex. those who do as expected)

answer

conformity

question

accept approved social goals by reject legitimate means of achieving them. (ex. those who achieve success by criminal means)

answer

innovation

question

reject approved goals and reject legitimate means of achieving them (ex. dropouts and slackers)

answer

retreatism

question

reject approved social goals but accept legitimate means of achieving them (ex. those who follow social norms by wit no desire to succeed)

answer

ritualism

question

reject legitimate goals and means and replace them with their own new goals and objectives (ex. cult leaders)

answer

rebellion

question

which of the following would most sociologists consider deviant?

answer

violating group norms, whether the behavior is legal or illegal and anything that violates accepted social norms

question

when an offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin or sexual orientation, this is considered by the government to be a ___________________ crime

answer

hate

question

________________ theory is also called the societal-reaction approach

answer

labeling

question

example of professional crime

answer

burglary

question

example of victimless crime

answer

prositution

question

example of organized crime

answer

a U.S. drug cartel and gambling syndicate

question

example of white-collar and technology-based crime

answer

electronic fraud

question

example of transnational crime

answer

sea priacy

question

which of the following are transnational crimes according to the United nations?

answer

bribery of public officials, art theft, and terrorism

question

which of the following are crimes reported by the federal bureau of investigation on the uniform crime report?

answer

robbery, murder, arson, and rape

question

crime refers to

answer

anything that violates criminal law

question

when an illegal activity such as prostitution or gambling is regulated by a group t could be said that this activity is dominated by

answer

organized crime

question

which of the following is a new type of white-collar crime that emerged around the beginning of the twenty-first century?

answer

computer crime

question

Which of the following statements social disorganization theory?

answer

crime and deviance increase when the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social problems increase when neighborhoods have deteriorating buildings and declining populations

question

the term differential justice can be best defined at

answer

the type of treatment that different races , ethnic groups, or social classes get from the criminal justice system

question

even though physical and behavioral characteristics stigmatize people, oftentimes high technology crimes do not. which of the following are socially tolerated forms of deviance?

answer

file sharing music, copying software to a computer without a license, and pirating DVDs and motion pictures

question

some of the critics of social disorganization theory argue that

answer

it seems to blame victims and viable, healthy organizations that persist in troubled neighborhoods are ignored by the theorists.

question

According to the sociologist Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance, the most common adaptation to societal means and goals is

answer

conformity

question

according to edwin sutherland's theory about cultural transmission and how it affects behavior, a person

answer

learns criminal behavior by interacting with others

question

which of the following are examples of white-collar crimes?

answer

stock manipulation, tax fraud, and corruption

question

the impact of stigmas on a society is that they

answer

devalue members of certain social groups

question

those who favor gun control believe which of the following?

answer

controlling gun ownership is more important than protecting the right to own a gun and further legislation restricting gun ownership is needed

question

racial profiling is considered to be a (n)

answer

type of deviance itself and label that has been defined and applied by society to a certain group of people

question

in which of the following countries was violent from the most common during the 1980s and 19900s

answer

united states

question

supporters of decriminalization believe that prostitution, smoking marijuana, and illegal gambling are ____________ crimes.

answer

victimless crimes

question

according to feminist criminologists, man of the existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only

answer

men in mind

question

the sociologist _________________ coined the term white-collar crime to describe the illegal acts committed while engaging in business activities by affluent, "respectable" people

answer

edwin sutherland

question

a person's ability to resist a label from another individual depends on

answer

the amount of power the individual has relative to the person

question

which of the following are index crimes that are tabulated each year by the federal bureau of investigation?

answer

arson, shoplifting, and murder

question

in his experimental study on obedience, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram found that

answer

people saw themselves as merely doing their duty or following orders by administering shock to others, people were willing to obey authority figures and administer shocks to others, and people administered shocks to others and tended to shift the responsibility for their behavior to their authority figure

question

which of the following are considered deviant behavior in the U.S.?

answer

drinking an entire bottle of vodka in one evening, chewing gum while giving a political speech, and stealing a car

question

professional criminals who constitute to commit criminal acts even though they have been caught, sanctioned, and incarcerated do so because

answer

they view themselves as fitting into a group of like professionals and having status among other criminals

Chapters 5, 6, and 7 social

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