Chapters 1-4 soci psyc – Flashcards

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You ask your academic advisor what to major in, as you can't seem to decide. She suggests psychology; however, it is important to remember that this answer likely reflects her
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values
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According to the text, social psychology is a(n) _____ science, and one that only began to emerge as a vibrant field after _____.
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young; World War II
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You are participating in a social-psychological research experiment, and the researcher reads the instructions to you and the other participants so that each of you hears exactly the same instructions. By standardizing the instructions, the researcher is attempting to control the
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demand characteristics.
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The analogy used in the text to describe what happens when old theories are discarded employs a discussion of how
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old cars are replaced by newer and better models.
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as
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culture
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According to the text, the postal code areas of Scotland that have the least overcrowding and the least amount of unemployment also have the
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greatest lomgetivity
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A serious shortcoming of a correlational study is that it cannot
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identify which variable causes the other variable.
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The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is referred to as
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random assignment.
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_____ occur(s) in research when participants are misinformed or misled about the method and purposes of the study.
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deception
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Good theories do all of the following except
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make qpredicyions that prove theories
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Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by
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other people, our attitudes and personality, and our biology.
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In 1936, the news magazine Literary Digest obtained the opinions of over two million Americans regarding the presidential election. The results suggested that Landon would win in a landslide over Franklin D. Roosevelt. A few weeks later, FDR won in a landslide. The results of the survey were not valid, and this was due to
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a sampling bias.
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When explaining topics such as dating and mating, evolutionary psychologists consider how natural selection might
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predispose our attitudes
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The use of deception in social-psychological research occurs when the researchers require _____ in their study.
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experimental realism
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In Snyder and Haugen's research on obesity and social status (1994; 1995), male students were shown a picture of a normal or obese woman before having a conversation with a female student. In this study, the independent variable was the
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normal or ovéweight womans picture
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What is NOT true about how values affect social psychology?
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Social psychology research shows us what to value.
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If you wanted more people to donate organs upon their death, you would
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give a default option of 'yes' and a space to check to "opt out."
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An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. The room temperatures were the
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independent variable.
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Your decision to call someone a "terrorist" rather than a "freedom fighter" depends on your view of the cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but also
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everyday language.
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Which of the following was the independent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of television viewing on children?
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television viewing
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Putting participants in one of two conditions by flipping a coin illustrates
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random assignment.
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Suppose you ask all the students who are failing a class if they believe the course is too difficult, and you find that they indeed think it is. Although you have conducted a basic survey, the results of it are limited because of your sample
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representativeness
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Your psychology professor tells you that she is collecting data on the amount that students study and their grades (i.e., she is asking each student to report how many hours he/she studies each week, so that she can determine if there is a relationship between hours spent studying and grades). Which type of research is this?
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correlational research
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When participating in a psychology research experiment, you are told that the purpose of the study is to find out if tall people are more prejudiced than short people. Because you want to behave accordingly, you agree with questions on a survey of prejudice more so than you would otherwise. Your behavior in this study is a result of
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the demand characteristics of the experiment.
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Carroll, Smith, and Bennett (1994) found that the height of graveyard markers in a Glasgow cemetery was positively correlated with
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longevity
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A theory
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summarizes and explains facts.
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Which of the following was the dependent variable in Boyatzis' (1995) research study on the effects of television viewing on children?
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aggressive behavior
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Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others describes what type of research?
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experimental research
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A psychiatrist tells you that she is interested in determining if the condition of individuals who are clinically depressed improves with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She decides to administer 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients, and 40 milligrams to the other half. She finds that after six months, the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?
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experimaental reasearch
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If you ask conservative, liberal, independent, and green party voters their opinions of political candidates, rather than just conservative voters, you are attempting to ensure that your sample is
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representative
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To get information from a survey that you can generalize to the whole country, you will need to get information from _____ people.
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1,200
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According to the text, values enter the work of social psychology when researchers
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choose the topic of their studies
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Social representations are
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socially shared beliefs, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies.
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_____ is an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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inforemed consent
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Ann Landers' 1984 survey of women readers' opinions about romantic affection and sex was probably
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flawed because it was not representative of the population.
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Whether we label a woman as "ambitious" or "aggressive" is a reflection of our
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values
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_____ helps researchers generalize to a population.
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random sampling
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Your decision to call someone a "terrorist" rather than a "freedom fighter" depends on your view of the cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but also
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everyday language
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There is an example discussed in the text about how the meat lobby rejected a new U.S. food labeling law that required declaring meat as "30 percent fat" rather than "70 percent lean, 30 percent fat." This is an example of how ____ may influence human decisions and expressed opinions.
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framing of questions
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The degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations refers to
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mundane realism
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You are participating in a psychology research experiment and the researcher invites you to return after the experiment to learn more about it and to explore your feelings about it. This is called
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debrifing
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An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Aggression was the
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dependent variable
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In the U.S., those living in Hawaii and the deep South exhibit more _______ than those living in the Mountain West states.
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collectivsm
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You attend a self-help discussion group, where the leader is encouraging people to think of themselves as the writers, directors, and actors of their own lives. The group leader is hoping people will adopt a(n) _______ locus of control.
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internal
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In what type of culture would a threat to our personal identity (such as having someone tell us we are dumb or weird) cause us to be more upset than a threat to our collective identity (such as having someone ridicule students)?
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individulistic
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When facing competition, we often protect our self-concept by perceiving
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the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.
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The extent to which we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others is called
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social comparison
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The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of
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transparency
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John is about to become a father. He wants to be the "cool dad" but fears that he will be a harsh disciplinarian like his father was. These two types of fathers represent John's
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possible selves
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Which statement is most accurate in relationship to our self-awareness?
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We really don't know ourselves as well as we think we do.
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Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by
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the false consensus effect.
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According to Schwartz (2000; 2004), individualistic modern cultures have "an excess of freedom," which is positively correlated with
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clinical depression.
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Barbara was really shocked when her candidate was not elected. She had assumed that everyone felt as she did and supported her candidate's ideas. This is an example of the
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false consensus effect.
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According to Bushman and colleagues (2011) college students are most likely to prefer
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receiving a self-esteem boost.
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Persons from western cultures (e.g., America, England), relative to persons from eastern cultures (e.g., China, Korea), tend to
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stress their individual accomplishments and uniqueness.
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self monitoring is
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adjusting one's behavior in response to external situations to create the desired impression.
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High school students who finished near the top of their class are more likely to experience a threat to their academic self-esteem if they attend a
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large, selective university.
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After seeing a billboard for the lottery, you imagine a life of the rich and famous for yourself. This future self-schema you imagine is an example of a/an
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possible self
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According to the self-serving bias, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ and our losses to _______.
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skill; chance
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You prefer that professors post exam scores (by identification number), rather than returning them individually. It makes you feel better to see how you did in comparison to other students. This is an example of what social psychology phenomenon?
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social comparison
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Which of the following is true?
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Most psychology research has used middle-class White American respondents.
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When asked "Who are you?" Juanita answers, "I am friendly, a student, and very religious." Juanita's answer describes her
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self-concept
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Goel et al. (2010) found that Facebook users were _____ accurate in guessing when they agreed with their friends on political issues and _____ accurate in guessing disagreement.
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90%/ 41%
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The false uniqueness effect is
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the tendency to see our talents and moral behaviors as relatively unusual.
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According to Myers, we are prone to "impact bias," or _______ the impact of emotion-causing events (such as finding out the results after being tested for HIV).
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overestimating
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Andrew believes that he did well on his Social Psychology test because he studied a lot and is a good student. Andrew's belief demonstrates
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an interna locus of control
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The extent to which we perceive outcomes as a result of our own efforts or as a result of chance refers to
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locus of control
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Greenberg (2008) argues that, to manage their fear of death and feel that their lives are not in vain, people seek to pursue self-esteem by meeting the standards of their society. This is known as
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terror management theory.
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Doug explained his "A" in biology as being the result of hard work and intelligence. He explained his "D" in chemistry as being the result of "bad teaching." This is an example of
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self serving bias
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Assuming that everyone thinks you are a jerk because you forgot to show up at a dinner party with a gift for the host can be considered an example of the _____ effect.
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spotlight
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In a recent study, Gentile et al. (2010) found that U.S. college students' most common score on a self-esteem measure was
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the maximum value on the questionnaire.
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You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be illegal and she favors tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political
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conservative
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Learning about immune neglect, which statement applies to how most people respond to failing an exam?
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they move on and try to do better
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After much contemplation, you decide to decline an invitation to a really great party, as you need to study for an exam. Doing well on this exam will help you meet your long-term goal of graduating with a strong grade point average, which will help you obtain a desirable job. You likely have a(n) _______ locus of control.
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internal
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Political conservatives tend to be economic _______ and moral _______.
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individualists; collectivists
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Cathy has forgotten to do her laundry this week. Since she is running late for class she throws on the only clean shirt she has, a "New Kids on the Block" T-shirt leftover from 1988. As she wanders around campus she is convinced that everyone is staring at her. Cathy is experiencing
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the spotlight effect
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According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003), people have the greatest difficulty predicting _______ of their future emotions.
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both the intensity and the duration
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According to the author of the text, no topic in psychology today is more researched than
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the self
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Our self-concept is fed by our roles, our social identity, our comparisons, and by
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our surrounding culture.
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Which of the following is FALSE?
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Collectivists are more likely to make downward social comparisons than individualists.
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You overhear a neighbor say that she believes gay marriage should be legal, and she opposes tax cuts for the wealthy. Knowing what you do about individualism and collectivism, you can conclude that your neighbor is likely to be a political
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liberal
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Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of
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indiviualism
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____ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.
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shemas
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Giving priority to the goals of one's group, such as one's family or workplace, and defining one's identity accordingly is called
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collectivism
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Which of the following strategies will NOT be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
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Give them feedback about others' performance.
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To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like. This process is known as
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priming
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Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire) talking. You assumed that the man was a physician and that the woman was a nurse. Later, you found out the opposite was true. What type of heuristic did you use during your initial reaction to the two individuals?
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representativeness heuristic
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You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the
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overconfidence phenomenon.
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Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution?
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situational
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Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the final week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. This is an example of
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rosy retrospection
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Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and cleaned the house, but she ran out of time. This is an example of
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the planninng falacy
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Which statement is the clearest example of an attribution?
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The rain caused the accident.
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You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately before it is in a building on the other side of campus. You are concerned that your professor does not think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform her of why you are always late. You can now safely conclude that your professor will make what type of attribution about your behavior?
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situational
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You believe that although you studied for a test, you will do poorly on it. This is an example of
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self fullfilling prophecy
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One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
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that might disprove what they believe
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Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. Rachel's thinking is an example of
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belief perseverance
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Everyone in a movie theater laughed at the same joke made in the film. According to Harold Kelley this is an example of a behavior
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high in consensus
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Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have been is an example of
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counterfactual thinking
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According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and the media as
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biased against their position.
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If you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely
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behave toward that person in a way that draws out their flirtatious behavior.
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Which of the following has NOT been shown to successfully reduce problems with overconfidence?
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Tell the person why their opinion is incorrect
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The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations is called
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attribution theory.
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According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates, which women more often see as harassing. This is an example of
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misattribution
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You walk into your classroom just as the class before yours is getting out. You notice two people standing by lectern at the front of the classroom: a 50-year old man and a 26-year old woman. You assume the man is the instructor and the woman is the student because most of your professors are older men. This is an example of
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the representativeness heuristic.
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Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person might be a better firefighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance.
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reduces
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Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as
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belief perseverance.
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While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red light—causing a three-car accident. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. He tells you that the light was yellow. Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow, not red, when the man went through the intersection. This scenario illustrates
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the misinformation effect.
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Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the host, while other participants merely observed the game. Results indicated that
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both contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.
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Joanna went over to a friend's house and rented the horror movie "Saw II." At 2:00 a.m. she awoke to a scratching sound at her window. Instead of thinking the noise is the result of a tree branch she believed it was a serial killer trying to break in. This is an example of
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priming.
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In a study conducted by Lassiter and his colleagues (2005), participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession
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through a camera focused on the detective.
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Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students
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mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.
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Mike was the witness to a car accident in which a driver in an SUV disregarded a yield sign and crashed into sports car. When questioned, the police officer says, "How faster was the driver of the SUV going when he ran that stop sign?" A week later, when asked to recall the accident again, Mike reports the driver of the SUV running a stop sign. This is an example of
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the misinformation effect.
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Misha is struggling with her computer. She is asked if she has difficulty using other computers on campus. The answer to this question provides information about
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distinctiveness.
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The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group because it resembles a typical member is referred to as the _______ heuristic.
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representativeness
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According to the text, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time passes.
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the situation
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Steve likes Samantha. He has asked her out every day for the last month and believes that she is flattered by his unwavering attention. Samantha has recently filed harassment charges with the police. This example shows possible problems with
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misattribution.
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According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the election.
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candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy
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Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
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are unsympathetic to the poor.
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The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
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an illusion of control.
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Which statement is NOT correct as it relates to mood and judgment?
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We are not more likely to make snap judgments when we have strong mad or glad feelings.
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The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate depositional influences on other people's behavior is called the
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fundamental attribution error.
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Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called
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the misinformation effect.
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June is participating in a research study. When she arrives at the room the experimenter treats her poorly, ignoring her questions and answering her in a sharp tone. Steve participates in the same study. However the experimenter acts in a very friendly manner toward him and goes out of his way to ensure Steve is comfortable at all times. Research on embodied cognition would predict
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June will think the temperature in the laboratory was colder than Steve.
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A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
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a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
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collectivistic
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Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Your experience may be understood in terms of
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regression toward the average.
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Myra's neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should
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pay him to play and then offer him less and less.
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Vaughan and Lanzetta's (1981) study required participants to observe someone receiving an electric shock. Some, but not all, of the participants were required to make a pained expression whenever the shock was implemented. The results indicated that compared to those students who were not required to make a pained expression, those who did perspired more and had faster heart rates whenever they observed the person being shocked. Which theory are the results consistent with?
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self-perception theory
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Which theory explains our conclusion that we must be anxious because we woke up before dawn?
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self-perception theory
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The effect of _______ on _______ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.
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roles; behaviors
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Interested in purchasing a digital camera, you find one priced extremely low. As you are about to purchase the camera, you find that it does not come with a power cord, memory card, or battery. You purchase all of these separately. The total cost surpasses what another store had listed the camera as at a higher price, but included all the accessories. You have been a victim of the _______ technique.
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lowball
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After much deliberation, you decide on a college to attend. After you have made your decision, you find yourself reducing any dissonance by _______ the chosen university and _______ the unchosen universities.
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upgrading; downgrading
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Which statement is NOT true according to the research findings on behavior and attitudes?
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You can't sense how someone else is feeling if you mirror their facial expressions.
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Impression management, or making a good impression by being consistent in our behavior, is another term for
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self-presentation theory.
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If the number of people in favor of gay and lesbian marriage increases after a law is passed allowing for such, this would be an example of how
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moral actions feed moral attitudes.
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A researcher measuring White people take longer to associate positive words with Black rather than White faces is most likely using a(n)
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implicit association test.
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A car dealer puts an ad in the paper that he is selling luxury cars for $20,000. When Stan comes in to see the car, though, the dealer tells him that they already sold that car but have a similar one with more options for $30,000. This is an example of the
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lowball technique.
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The fact that 76 percent of Californians agreed to install a huge ugly sign in their front yard after first being approached with a small request two weeks earlier exemplifies the _______ phenomenon.
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foot-in-the-door
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The finding that religious attitudes can predict the total quantity of religious behaviors over time is an example of
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the principle of aggregation.
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Although you may spend the evening surfing the Internet rather than studying, you have generally been quite a disciplined student throughout your academic career and have always held the attitude that studying is important. The relationship between your studying behavior and your attitude toward studying can best be described by which social psychological term?
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the principle of aggregation
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_____ theory best explains attitude change while _____ theory best explains attitude formation.
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Cognitive dissonance; self-perception
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In 1969, social psychologist Allan Wicker completed a review of dozens of research studies and concluded that people's expressed attitudes _______ predicted their varying behaviors.
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hardly ever
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Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves?
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cognitive dissonance theory
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Though she is opposed to capital punishment, Lisa is asked to give a speech in favor of it to round out a class debate. Dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she
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agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
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After spending a great deal of time researching vehicles, Linda makes a purchase. After having owned the vehicle for several months, she experiences dissonance and wonders if she made the right decision with her purchase. According to dissonance theory, we would expect Linda to reduce her dissonance by _______ the chosen vehicle and _______ the unchosen vehicles.
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upgrading; downgrading
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Which theory predicts that when people experience a self-image threat, they will compensate by affirming another aspect of the self?
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self-affirmation theory
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If you are asked to participate in a research study without knowing the start time, you are _______ to participate than if you were aware that the study began at 7 am.
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more likely
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Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT
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aptitudes.
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According to the dissonance theory, managers, teachers, and parents should use _______ to elicit the desired behavior.
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the smallest possible incentive
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In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for
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cognition
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Which statement is NOT true according to attitude research?
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Attitudes best predict behavior when they are learned from parents.
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The smallest incentive that will get people to do something is usually the most effective in getting them to like the activity and keep doing it. This is best explained by the
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overjustification effect.
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You have recently earned a promotion at work and are now a manager. You decide to use your knowledge of social psychology to improve the working conditions of your new subordinates. You know that the dissonance theory predicts that attitudes will follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility; therefore you decide to use _______ to elicit the desired behaviors in your subordinates.
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the smallest possible incentive
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Research on how behavior affects our attitudes suggests all the findings EXCEPT that
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people don't adapt what they say to please their listeners.
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Which theory best explains why 40 percent of smokers in the U.S. judge smoking as not very harmful?
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cognitive dissonance
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People are _________ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first.
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more likely
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An example of the overjustification effect in the text describes how the number of books Myers' son read ______ after the local library provided an incentive for children to read 10 books in three months.
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<
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If you are studying because you want to do well in a course and truly want to understand the material, you are more likely to want to study in the future as compared to those students who view studying as compulsory. Your situation is an example of how
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attitudes follow behaviors for which we feel some responsibility.
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A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone is called a(n)
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attitude
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Jeremy loses his former interest in doing arithmetic after his teacher promises him $1 for each problem he solves correctly. Which theory best explains Jeremy's loss of interest in arithmetic?
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self-perception theory
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Which of the following theories assumes that for strategic reasons, we express attitudes that make us appear consistent?
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self-presentation theory
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The three elements of the tri-component model of attitudes are
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affect, behavior, and cognition.
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You are fortunate to receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find the decision-making very difficult, but once you decide on an offer to accept, you notice yourself _______ the job offers that you did not accept.
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downgrading
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According to the overjustification effect, reinforcements that praise people tend to _______ intrinsic motivation, and reinforcement that seeks to control people _______ intrinsic motivation.
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increase; decreases
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No one wants to look foolishly inconsistent, according to _______ theory.
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self-presentation
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An effective brainwashing program uses all of the following techniques EXCEPT
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physical punishment.
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You receive more than one marriage proposal, and after deciding on who you wish to spend your life with, dissonance theory would predict that you would _______ the individual whose proposal you did accept.
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upgrade
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Which areas of the brain are active when we automatically evaluate social stimuli?
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Amygdala and frontal lobe
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The best way to cultivate Mark's enjoyment of a task that is not intrinsically appealing to him is to have him comply with the behavior and then suggest that
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he did the task for an intrinsic reason.
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