Chapters 1 +4 – Flashcards
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| Six major groups of microbiology |
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| 1. Mycology 2. Bacteriology 3. Phycology/Algology 4. Virology 5. Protozoology 6. Parasitology |
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| Time frame for earliest substances on Earth. |
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| Prokaryotes appeared 3.5 billion years ago Eukaryotes appeared 2.5 billion years ago Reptiles/cockroaches/termites appeared .5 billion years ago Mammals appeared .25 billion years ago |
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| Oldest prokaryotes - name and age? |
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| Fossilized cyanobacteria...3.5 billion years old |
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| What accounts for 50% of earth's photosynthesis? |
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| Cyanobacteria and algae |
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| What are earth's major saprophytes? |
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| Mold and bacteria |
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| What are some good uses of microbes by humans? |
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| Bioremediation Production of foods Production of alcohols Production of ethanol fuels, enzymes, vaccines, hormones, biodiesel fuels. Natural pesticides |
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| Poor uses of microbes by humans? |
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| Anthrax and other biological weapons of warfare. Smallpox. Plague. |
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| What percent of microbes on Earth are detrimental to human health? |
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| 3% |
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| Who invented the first microscope capable of seeing microbes? |
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| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
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| Three early explanations for disease (non-scientific)? |
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| Superstitions Supernatural forces Myths/legends |
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| What forced scientists to objectively examine scientific dilemmas? |
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| The scientific method |
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| Abiogenesis |
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| Spontaneous generation: the idea that life came be born from the nonliving. Proposed by Aristotle. |
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| Biogenesis |
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| Life can only be born by the living. Proved by Pasteur. |
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| Germ Theory |
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| Infectious diseases are caused by microbes. |
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| The two fathers of microbiology? |
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| Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch |
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| Louis Pasteur's achievements? |
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| Proved microbes cause fermentation/spoilage Developed pasteurization Developed vaccines against rabies/anthrax |
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| Robert Koch's achievements? |
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| Developed aseptic lab procedures Discovered agents of anthrax, TB, and cholera Established a set of postulates |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| 1. Extract microbes from dead organism 2. Isolate in a pure culture 3. Infect healthy specimen with microbes 4. Isolate microbes 5. If microbes from 1 and 4 match, the agent has been found. |
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| Levels of Classification |
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| Kingdom Division (Phylum) Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| When assigning nomenclature, what two names are used? |
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| Genus and species |
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| What is phylogeny? |
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| The study of the natural relatedness between groups of organisms |
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| What are the fundamental premises of evolution? |
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| Living organisms change gradually over time. All new species come from preexisting species. Evidence is supported by fossil records. Evolution progresses towards greater complexity. |
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| Whittaker's Five Kingdom System |
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| Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Monera Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protista |
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| Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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| Prokaryotes are not as complex as eukaryotes, which have nuclei and other organelles (mitochondria) |
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| Prokaryotic Flagella: Motion? |
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| Counterclockwise: RUNS Clockwise: TUMBLES |
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| Chemo(photo)taxis? |
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| Attraction/repulsion to chemicals(or light). |
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| Periplasmic Flagella |
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| Used by spirochetes The filaments spin around the cell and use a flexing motion. |
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| Prokaryotic Fimbriae Structure and function? |
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| Short, rigid, bristle like fibers Used for adhesion |
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| Pili Structure and function? |
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| Long tubular structures Used to transfer DNA between cells |
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| Glycocalyx Structure and function? |
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| Outer covering of sugars/proteins Used to protect cell from dehydration, prevent wbc's from eating them, attachment |
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| Types of prokaryotic glycocalyx? |
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| Slime layer Capsule |
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| How do biofilms form? |
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| 1. First colonists stick to coating 2. Cells divide, formation spreads 3. More microbes join the party |
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| Components of the Cell Envelope? |
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| Cell wall Cell membrane |
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| Functions of the prokaryotic cell wall? |
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| Provides structural integrity to cell |
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| Types of prokaryotic cell walls? |
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| Gram positive Gram negative |
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| Gram positive cell walls |
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| Thick layer of peptidoglycan Strong, stable, porous A single, narrow periplasmic space Purple when gram stained |
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| Gram negative cell walls |
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| Thin layer of peptidoglycan Two periplasmic layers More impervious to drugs and disinfectants (not alcohols) |
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| Mycobacterium and Nocardia |
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| Gram positive cell walls, but they contain a unique lipid called mycolic acid Thick waxy walls give high resistance to drugs. |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| Completely lack a cell wall Pleomorphic |
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| Prokaryotic cell membrane structure + functions? |
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| Site for ATP reactions Regulates passage of nutrients into the cell and waste out of the cell: selectively permeable Site of macromolecule synthesis |
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| Internal structures of prokaryotic cells? |
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| Cytoplasm Chromosome Plasmids Ribosomes Granules Cytoskeleton |
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| Endospores |
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| Produced by Gram Positive bacteria such as bacillus, clostridium, sporosarcina |
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| Life cycles of spore formers? |
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| Vegetative stage (conditions are good and the cell is metabolically active/growing). Endospore (Conditions are poor, cell goes into sporulation. Metabolically inactive, highly resistant). |
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| Coccus |
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| Spherical |
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| Streptococcus |
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| line of coccus bacteria |
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| Staphylococcus |
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| disordered bunch of cocci bacteria |
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| Tetrad |
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| a quartet of cocci bacteria in a squre |
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| Sarcina |
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| a cubic shape of cocci bacteria |
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| Bacillus |
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| rod shaped bacteria |
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| Palisade |
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| a formation of bacilli bacteria in which only the ends touch at angles. |
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| Characteristics of spiral bacteria |
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| Mostly form in singles Short chains Either polar flagella or periplasmic |
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| Archaea |
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| Prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions. Non threatening to humans. |
