Chapter ( Psychology 201 Clemson University) – Flashcards
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motivation
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involves goal-directed behavior
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homeostasis
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a state of physiological equilibrium or stability
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drive
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hypothetical interal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
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incentive
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an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
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Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
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Food Availability & Related Cues & Learned Preferences and Habits
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obesity
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the condition of being overweight
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body mass index (BMI)
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wight, in kilograms, divided by height, in meters, squared (kg/m^2)
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Factors going into Obesity
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Genetic Predisposition, Excessive Eating and Inadequate Exercise, Inadequate Sleep, The Concept of Set Point
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Parental Investment
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refers to what each sex has to invest-in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities (to pursue other goals)-to produce and nurture offspring
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Sexual Orientation
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refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, or either sex.
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Heterosexuals
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seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex
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Bisexuals
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seek emotional-sexual relationships with members of either sex
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homosexuals
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seek emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex
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achievement motive
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the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence
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Emotion
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involves a subjective conscious experience (the cognitive component), accompanied by bodily arousal (the physiological component) and characteristic covert expressions (the behavioral component)
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affective forecasting
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efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events
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polygraph
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a device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned
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galvanic skin response
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an increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity
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Display rules
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norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions
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subjective well-being
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individuals' personal perceptions of their overal happeness and life satisfaction
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Hedonic adaptation
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occurs when the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point or baseline for comparison changes
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argument
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consists of one or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion
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premise
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the reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true
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assumptions
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premises for which no proof or evidence is offered
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Eating an apple when hungry
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what is a behavior that is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?
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incentive
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According to certain theories of motivation, a bonus of $100 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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If, after brain damage suffered in a car accident, a person gained 50 pounds in two months, you would MOST likely suspect damage to the
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She consumes more food because in the cooler months, ghrelin levels tend to decrease, and when ghrelin levels decrease, people tend to eat more.
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Janis knows that you have been studying eating behavior in your psychology class and asks you to explain why, in spite of her best interests, she always overeats on Thanksgiving day when she is at her parents' house. Which of the following would be the LEAST likely claim you would tell her?
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classical conditioning
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When Harvey was a child, the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. In this example, Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips could BEST be explained by using principles of
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eats some of the fried rice first and shows a favorable reaction while he eats it.
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Mr. Knez is trying to get his seven-year-old daughter to eat some vegetable-fried rice for the first time. Mr. Knez should be MOST successful in getting his daughter to sample the new dish if he
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two identical twins reared apart
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Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?
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physical attractiveness
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Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?
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Homosexuality is a learned preference acquired when same-sex stimuli have been paired with sexual arousal
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the view of the behavioral theorists when it comes to explaining the origin of homosexuality?
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is high in achievement motivation
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Max has the need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards for excellence. According to researchers such as McClelland, Max MOST likely
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exaggerate how badly she will feel
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Zoe has been struggling in her chemistry course and is concerned that she might fail. Her predictions about how distressed she will be if she fails are likely to
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cognitive component
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Laura is about to take the certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist. As she enters the testing room, she feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the
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only measure overall arousal levels and are not reliable indicators of whether or not people are lying.
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Victoria is extremely upset because she has been falsely accused of stealing money from her employer. Her lawyer has suggested that Victoria take a polygraph test to prove her innocence. She asks you whether she should agree to the test. Based on the research into the accuracy of polygraphs, you should tell Victoria that polygraphs
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I'm afraid because I'm shaking
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Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?
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circular reasoning
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The statement, "We need to control cyberporn because it currently is unregulated," is an example of which of the following?
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incentive theories of motivation
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Although Jackson had a huge breakfast and felt stuffed, he ate three of the donuts that a colleague brought to a morning meeting. His behavior is consistent with:
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Arcuate and paraventricular
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Based on modern research;, which two areas of the hypothalamus appear to have the most influence in regulating hunger?
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False.
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True/False. Ghrelin secretions are associated with decreased hunger
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Women are more interested in having many partners than men are
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What has not been found in research on gender differences in sexual interest
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should be viewed as a continuum
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Kinsey maintained that sexual orientation:
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Thematic Apperception Test
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One's need for achievement is usually assessed using the:
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monitoring physiological indexes of autonomic arousal
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A polygraph (lie detector)) works by:
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Some basic emotions go unnamed in some cultures
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Which of the following statements about emotional experience is true?
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emotion results from the perception of autonomic arousal
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According to the James-Lange theory of emotion
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The joint influence of biology and environment
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The fact that eating behavior, sexual behavior, and the experience of emotion all depend on interactions between biological and environmental determinants lends evidence to which of the text's organizing themes?
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True.
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True/False. People are happy for the most part, happiness is unrelated to age, and income is only weakly related to happiness
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circular reasoning
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The sales pitch "We're the best dealership in town because the other dealerships just don't stack up against us" is an example of:
