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Apophenia

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Finding meaningful connections in among unrelated and even random phenomenon for example someone phones you while you're thinking about them and you assume it comes from ESP

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pareidolia

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seeing meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli for example an animal in the clouds

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terror management theroy

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our awareness of our own inevitable death leaves many of us with an underlying sense of terror we cope with it by adopting cultural worldview that ensures us that our lives posses a broader meaning and purpose one that extends well beyond our brief existance

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morality salience

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the extent to which thoughts of death are pormost in our mind

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Logical fallicys

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traps in thinking that may lead to the wrong conclusion

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Emotional reasoning fallacy

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the error of using emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim

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Bandwagon fallacy

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error of assuming something is correct just because lots of people believe in it

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Not me fallacy

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The error of believing that we're immune from rooted in thinking that afflict other people.

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The dangers of pseudo science 3

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Opportunity cost Direct harm inability to think scientifically

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Opportunity cost

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Psedoscientific treatments for mental disorders can prevent any real treatment. so even if these psedoscientific do no direct harm they can do indirect harm they forfit the chance to get treatment that works and they may never heal

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Direct Harm

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Psudoscience treatments may do dreadful harm directly one example is rebirthing therapy that killed Candace Newmaker, she died of suffication

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An inabilityto think scientifically as citizens

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we need to think scientifically to reach educated decisions about global warming,genetic engineering etc

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Scientific skepticism

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evaluation of all claims with an open mind but insistent on persuasive evidence before accepting them.

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Scientific thinking principle #1

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Is this the only good explanation for this finding? Have we ruled out other important factors?

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scientific thinking principle #2

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Correlation is not causation

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Scientific thinking principle #3

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Falsifyibility: Whenever we evaluate a psychological claim we should be sure that ask ourselves whether one could disprove it or whether it's consistent with any conceviblebody of evidence.

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Scientific thinking principle # 4

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Replicability: whenever we evaluate a claim we should ask ourselves whether independent investigators have replicated the findings that support this claim or were they a one time fluke

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Scientific thinking principle # 5

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Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence David Hume Make sure the evidence is extraordinary as the claim before accepting it.

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Scientific evidence principle # 6 Occom's Razor

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We need to use the simplist explaination for a psychological claim because its usually more likely

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Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)

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1st Psychology Lab, he studied introspection which was trained observations of people's experiances

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Before becoming a science Psychology had to break free from what?

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Spiritualism

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What are the 5 theoretical perspectives

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Structuralism,Funtionalism,behaviorism, cognitivism and psychoanalysis

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Structuralism

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-Was created by E.B Titchener - Uses introspection to identify basic elements or "structures" of experience -Emphasis on the importance of systematic observtion to the study of conscious experience

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Functionalism: psychology meets darwin

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-Founder William James -To understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thought, feelings and behaviors -Has been absorbed into psychology and conntinues to influence indirectly in many ways

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Behaviourism: the laws of learning

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-John B Watson/B.F Skinner -To uncover the general principles of learning that explain all behaviours; focus is largely observable behaviour -Influential in models of humans and animal learning and among the first to focus on the need for objective research

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Cognitive:Opening the black box

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Jean Piaget/Ulric Neisser -examine the role of mental processes on behaviour influential in mant areas such as language problem solving concept formation intelligence, memory and psychotherapy

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Psychoanalysis: the depth of the unconcious

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Sigmund frued -To uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior -Undertaning much of our mental prosessing goes outside of concious awareness

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Great Psych debates

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1) Nature vs nurture

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What challenges make psychology so difficult

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1) multiply determined 2)psychological influences are rarely independent of each other 3) individual differences 4)people often influence each other 5) culture Multiply Independent Differences Influence Culture

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Etic and emic approach to cross culture studying

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Emic:study culture from a member and on the inside Etic:study from the perspective of an outsider

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