question

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

answer

an algorithm

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Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the

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availability heuristic.

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The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

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people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.

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We fear too little those events that will claim lives

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undramatically.

question

Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they

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can communicate through the use of symbols

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An algorithm is a

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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

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By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by winds from a hurricane, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

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the availability heuristic

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Bilingual children who inhibit one language while using the other can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called

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the bilingual advantage

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Spearman's g factor refers to

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a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks

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In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

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prototypes

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With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

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A robin is a bird

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People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

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a mental image

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Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

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overconfidence

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Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is

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"Consider other options."

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An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

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belief perseverance

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Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

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confirmation bias.

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A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

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the availability heuristic.

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Psychologists are most likely to question whether chimps have the capacity to

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transmit cultural innovations

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Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to

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identify clusters of closely related test items

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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

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fixation

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Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of

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overconfidence.

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Having learned the rule that a triangle has three sides, we thereafter classify all three-sided geometric forms as triangles. This best illustrates the role of ______ in concept formation.

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definitions

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B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ________ in language acquisition.

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reinforcement

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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

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two-word

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Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences.

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eight

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The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

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search for information that supports our preconceptions.

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It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed. This suggestion could be used to support

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linguistic determinism

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Binet and Simon designed a test of intellectual abilities in order to

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identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes

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University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of

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confirmation bias

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At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

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one-word

question

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the effect of

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framing

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Which of the following would be most characteristic of a 2-year-old's telegraphic speech?

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"eat apple"

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A prototype is a

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best example of a particular category

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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

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words shape the way people think.

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Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

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heuristics.

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In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

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intuitions.

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As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

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a heuristic.

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Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating?

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cognition

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With respect to the debate over the process of language development, nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

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Chomsky; Skinner

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Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of

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sign language.

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Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish. The reason for this is most likely that a sea horse is qualitatively different from her __________.

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prototype.

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When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

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concept.

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Language refers to the

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spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

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The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

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save time in arriving at solutions to problems.

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In Wolfgang Köhler's experiment, the chimpanzee Sultan retrieved a long stick with a short stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan was able to reach the fruit as a result of

answer

insight.

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If using a stick is successful in retrieving termites from a mound, chimpanzees improve their ability to use sticks for this purpose. This illustrates that the chimps' problem-solving strategy is shaped by

answer

reinforcement.

question

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

answer

insight.

question

Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's ________ lobe.

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right temporal

question

The risks of smoking are more alarming when presented in terms of the number of smokers with lung cancer than the percentage of smokers with lung cancer. This illustrates the importance of

answer

framing.

question

Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is

answer

4

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