question

Why did the paymaster of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company, Ithamar A. Beard, conclude that the yeoman farmer and artisan-republican ideal was no longer possible in America?

answer

Too many Americans worked for others.

question

Access to plentiful amounts of what resources was the most important key to the success of American textile manufacturing in the early 1800s?

answer

Raw materials

question

Governor De Witt Clinton of New York was a leading force behind the funding of which of the following projects?

answer

The Erie Canal

question

What was intensified in the mid-nineteenth century by the social tensions stemming from industrialization?

answer

Anti-Catholic sentiment

question

What was the federal government's most important contribution to the transportation revolution?

answer

Control of interstate commerce

question

Which prominent Protestant minister helped to found the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath in 1828?

answer

Lyman Beecher

question

Why did American manufacturers turn to women as a source of labor in the 1820s and 1830s?

answer

They hoped to pay lower wages.

question

Why was the Erie Canal so successful?

answer

It linked the economies of the Midwest and the Northeast.

question

Wealthy silk merchants Arthur and Lewis Tappan founded a magazine called

answer

The Christian Evangelist.

question

In what way was the Waltham-Lowell System, pioneered by the Boston Manufacturing Company, a revolutionary change for American industry?

answer

By cutting labor costs through hiring female workers.

question

The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824 struck down a New York law that created a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City. Why was this decision important?

answer

It prevented state and local laws from interfering with interstate trade.

question

How did the temperance movement affect alcohol consumption between 1830 and 1845?

answer

The average annual consumption of spirits fell by over half.

question

What helped American textile manufacturers outcompete British textile producers in the domestic market?

answer

Getting protective tariffs from the federal government

question

What common trait helped spur the growth of the fast-growing western cities of the early and middle 1800s?

answer

Their role as flourishing commercial centers

question

For the American middle class and business elite of the antebellum era, what stood at the heart of social mobility and national prosperity?

answer

Hard work

question

Who formed the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1814 and built a textile factory at Waltham?

answer

Francis Cabot Lowell

question

An interconnected transportation network, the growth of industry along similar patterns, and a similar ethnic composition all were evidence of

answer

increasingly close regional ties between the Northeast and the Midwest.

question

Which statement explains the pattern of textile factory locations

answer

While New England dominated the nation's textile industry, Massachusetts dominated New England.

question

Why did social reformers of the Benevolent Empire push for new penitentiaries?

answer

Instead of corporal punishment, they advocated rehabilitation.

question

Why did the large majority of textile factories of the early nineteenth century emerge in New England

answer

New England offered the energy resources necessary for factory production.

question

The paternalistic system that provided boardinghouses and supervision for young women textile workers was known as

answer

the Waltham-Lowell System.

question

Why did civic leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore want to copy the Erie Canal?

answer

They hoped to compete for western trade.

question

What does the success of St. Louis craft workers in winning a ten-hour day reveal about the early labor movement in the United States?

answer

The ability of skilled workers to shape working conditions

question

Which of the following was a significant environmental consequence of the Erie Canal?

answer

Massive erosion caused by spring rains

question

Why did many upwardly mobile men and women in the early nineteenth century embrace religious benevolence?

answer

They wanted to improve the world around them.

question

Union activists who embraced the labor theory of value called for a new revolution to demolish not the aristocracy of birth—as the American Revolution had done—but the aristocracy of

answer

capital.

question

What important hurdle did unions face in their organizing efforts in the antebellum years?

answer

American common law branded unions as illegal "combinations."

question

Between 1840 and 1860, which was the largest group of immigrants?

answer

The Irish

question

What is exemplified by the unions and mutual benefit societies of the early 1800s?

answer

Working-class attempts to gain some control over working conditions

question

What became a central theme in the American popular culture of the middle nineteenth century?

answer

The ideal of the self-made man

question

Why were the mechanical institutes important in the first half of the nineteenth century?

answer

They spread mechanical knowledge and skills.

question

Which group most strongly embraced Charles Grandison Finney's revivalist preaching?

answer

The business elite

question

How did the rise of the business elite change the social order?

answer

By increasing the differences between manufacturers and their employees

question

Which statement defines the modern factory that rose in the 1830s?

answer

It concentrated manufacturing processes under one roof.

question

Which organization, founded in Philadelphia, had a mission of supporting the development of mechanical skills and knowledge?

answer

The Franklin Institute

question

Why did western commercial cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans grow rapidly in the 1830s?

answer

They were located where goods had to be transferred from one mode of transportation to another.

question

In a defense he wrote of Catholicism, Orestes Brownson argued that "The Roman Catholic religion assumes, as its point of departure, that it is instituted not to be taken care of by the people, but to take care of the people; not to be governed by them, but to govern them. . . . The Roman Catholic religion, then, is necessary to sustain popular liberty, because popular liberty can be sustained only by a religion free from popular control, above the people, speaking from above and able to command them." Which of the following accurately restates Brownson's argument?

answer

Popular liberty required the existence and rule of religious authority.

question

How did the builders of steamboats used on the Mississippi change the design of these vessels?

answer

Giving them wider hulls and shallower drafts to travel on shallow rivers

question

In 1816, what did the federal government enact to protect American textile manufacturers from foreign competition in the early 1800s?

answer

A tariff

question

Why did Quaker merchants establish their company, the Black Ball Line, in New York City in 1818?

answer

New York City offered easy access to the Atlantic world as well as to the Midwest.

question

What was one of the few cities in the South to develop industry in the first half of the nineteenth century?

answer

Richmond, Virginia

question

By the 1840s, how many Americans had moved to states and territories west of the Appalachians?

answer

5 million

question

What statement is true about American mechanics in the 1820s?

answer

They developed innovations in all fields of production.

question

Why was the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 in London so important for American companies?

answer

Displays at the exhibition catapulted some of them into multinational businesses.

question

The early factories that rose in the 1830s relied on what approach to increase productivity?

answer

Division of labor

question

Why did this architecture become so influential for the American middle class in the middle of the nineteenth century?

answer

The publication of manuals like this spread the new architectural norm nationwide.

question

How did the federal government in early nineteenth-century America facilitate the accumulation of wealth?

answer

It raised revenues through tariffs on consumer goods.

question

Who was the most influential Protestant revivalist in the 1830s?

answer

Charles Grandison Finney

question

Who attacked Catholic immigrants and the pope in his 1834 book Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States?

answer

Samuel F. B. Morse

question

Benevolent groups persuaded local governments to ban carnivals such as

answer

Negro Election Day

question

Benjamin Franklin's widely read Autobiography, published in 1818, extolled the values of industriousness and what else?

answer

Temperance

question

Why did manufacturers begin to abandon water power in the 1830s?

answer

A new coal economy began to emerge.

question

In 1835, Protestant minister Lyman Beecher warned the readers of his Plea for the West that a "tenth part of the suffrage of the nation, thus condensed and wielded by the Catholic powers of Europe, might decide our elections, perplex our policy, inflame and divide the nation, break the bond of our union, and throw down our free institutions." In other words, Beecher believed that Catholicism threatened what aspect of American life?

answer

National sovereignty

question

Why did urban police in the early nineteenth century not contain the lawlessness that grew out of poverty and desperation among unskilled workers in the United States?

answer

They were untrained and poorly paid.

question

How did British textile manufacturers try to prevent the rise of American competition in the late 1800s?

answer

They convinced Parliament to prohibit the emigration of mechanics.

question

The dramatic gain in productivity that occurred in American industry during the Industrial Revolution was due to what combination of factors?

answer

New organizational techniques and new technology

question

What did Congress do in 1820 to meet the demand for cheap farmsteads?

answer

It reduced the price of federal land.

question

what did the artist see as the most devastating effect that men's drinking habits had on women?

answer

It pushed women and their children into poverty.

question

Why did workers oppose the Benevolent Empire's efforts to impose Sabbath laws in the early nineteenth century?

answer

Workers wanted to spend their sole day off the way they wished.

question

The market revolution that took place in America beginning in the 1820s was prompted by the construction of

answer

a system of canals and roads linking the Atlantic coast states and the trans-Appalachian west.

question

Why did Congress reduce the tariff on imported cotton and woolen cloth in the 1830s?

answer

Farmers and city dwellers wanted cheaper imports.

question

Why did many Irish immigrate to the United States between 1840 and 1860?

answer

To flee famine and overpopulation

question

Why did the mill owners of the Boston Manufacturing Company enforce strict curfews on the women who lived in their boardinghouses?

answer

The owners wanted to reassure parents about their daughters' moral welfare.

question

The paternalistic system that provided boardinghouses and supervision for young women textile workers was known as

answer

the Waltham-Lowell System.

question

Who built the first American steamboat and navigated it up the Hudson River in 1807?

answer

Robert Fulton

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