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The current American style of long campaigns has evolved because of..

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the belief for reformers that the cure for the problem of democracy is more democracy

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what are the 2 stages of American politics?

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1.nomination 2. campaigns

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Define nomination

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the official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Requires success in nomination game

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3 thing you need to win the nomination game

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1. money 2.media attention 3.momentum

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What is a campaign strategy?`

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the way in which candidates attempt to manipulate each of these elements to achieve the nomination

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Why would a politician not want to run for president?

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HAs become more physically and emotionally taxing

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how early does the chosen candidate have to be chosen?

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1 year

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what is the goal of the nomination game?

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win the majority of delegates support at the national party convention

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national party convention

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the supreme power in each party that select presidential and vice presidential candidates and write the platform

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How many roads are there to the national convention?

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50 (each state)

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What time of year do state parties choose their delegates to the national convention? HOw?

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February through JUne using caucuses or primaries

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what happens at a caucus?

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before primaries all state parties select their delegates to the national convention in a meeting of state party leaders

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Are caucuses open to all voters?

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Yes all voters who register with the party

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how are caucuses organized?

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Pyramid (local, county, congressional districts, state convention)

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how are delegates chosen at the local level?

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delegates are chosen on the basis of their preference for a certain candidate

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what state usually holds the national convention 1st?

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IOWA because its the first test of candidates vote getting abilities and usually have full blown media extravaganza (candidates spend more time here)

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what happens at the presidential primaries?

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Voters in a state go to the polls and vote for a candidate or delegates pledge to that candidate

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When was a presidential primary first promoted?

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Turn of the century by reformers who wanted to take nominations out of the hands of the party bosses(wanted to let people vote)

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When did presidential primaries increase?>

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After the Democratic Party disaster in 1968 led many to rethink the delegate selection procedures that were in place (minorities women and youth had been poorly represented)

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what was the result of the disaster?

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Committee of inquiry

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what did McGovern-Fraser commission want to do?

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Wanted to make democratic party conventions more representative and resulted in their decision

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McGovern-Fraser commission

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commission formed in 1968 democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minorities groups and others who wanted better representation

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what is a superdelegate?

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National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the democratic national party convention

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Why was 2008 election so close?

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super delegates played such a pivotal role with the majority of these party leaders opting to support Obama at the convention

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When and where does primary season begin?

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New Hampshire in the winter

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How important is the 1st primary

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that it is traditionally the first primary not the number of delegates or house reps

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Why is the campaign not for delegates.

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FOr the images so rest of country can see them a front runners

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Frontloading

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recent tendency for states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention

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What is the result of frontloading?

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2/3rds of democratic and republican delegates are chosen within 6 weeks of the Iowa caucus

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what kind of laws do states have to determine how delegate re allocated?

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some are limited to only people who are registered with the party and others are open

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who monitors the count of delegates won?>

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Media

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how di candidates get momentum?

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candidates have to beat people they were not expected to beat, collect margins above predictions, and never lose people they were expected to trounce

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Criticisms of the primaries and caucuses?

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1. Attention only early in race 2. Candidates cant take as much time need out of life to run 3. Money is too big of a role 4. participation is low an unrepresentative 5.system gives too much power to the media

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national primary

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proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries which would replace these electoral methods with a nation wide primary held early in the election year

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regional primaries

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proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held each geographic region

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party platform

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party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years (made before the convention)(second day)

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what has taken over campaigns?

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media

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direct mail

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high tech method of raising money for political cause/candidate by sending info and requesting money to people whose name appears on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past

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what are the most important goals of media campaigns?

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1. how candidates use their advertising budget 2. the \"free\" attention they get as news makers

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campaign organization

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1.Campaign Manager 2.Fund raiser 3.Campaign counsel 4. Media and campaign consultant 5. campaign staff 6. Plan the logistics 7. research staff and policy advisers 8. hire pollsters 9. press secretary 10. website

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federal election campaign act

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law passed in 1974 to reform campaign financing ( created under Federal election commission) provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions

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Federal Election commission

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6 member bipartisan agency by FECA and administers and enforces campaign finance laws

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Presidential Election campaign Funds

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money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns

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matching funds

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contributions of up to $250 matched to PECF to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions like limiting their overall spending

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soft money

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political contributions for party building expenses at the grass root level of for generic party advertising. Not like money that goes to the campaign of a particular candidates such as party donations are not subject to contribution limits.

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527 groups

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independent groups that seek to influence the political process but not subject to contributions restrictions bc they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates

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selective perception

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people often pay attention to things they already agree with and interpret then according to their own predisposition

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3 impacts of campaigns

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1. selective perception 2. party identification 3. incumbent gets advantage

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Motor voter act

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made voter registration easier by requiring states to allow eligible voters to register by simply checking a box on the drivers license application renewal form

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how has voter turn out changed as it has become easier to vote?

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Less who are eligible vote

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who votes?: Education

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people with higher education

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who votes?: age

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older people are more likely to vote than younger people

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who votes?: race

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AA and Hispanics are underrepresented among voters because of education

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who votes?: gender

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more women vote

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who votes?: marital status

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people who are married are more likely to vote

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who votes?: govt employment

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always vote because there jobs could be at stake

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Buckely vs Valeo

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supreme court case that said it was a violation of free speech, the portion of the act that limited the amount of money a person could contribute to there campaign ( in the Federal Election Campaign Act)

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election of 2000

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went to the supreme court because of Bush vs Gore - stops recount with out a uniform system of recounting the process violated the equal protections clause of the 14th amendment went to bush

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why recount in 2000 election?

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machines not working properly and not standard counting

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retrospective voting

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theory of voting when voters ask \" what has this candidate done for me?\"

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Electoral college procedure

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1. each state has electoral votes (by senators, and representatives) 2. Winner take all system (not maine or Nebraska) 3. Electors meet in December and mail votes to vice president 4. If no candidate receives an electoral college majority it goes to the house of representatitves

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Criticisms of electoral college

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1. biased in favor of big states 2. Undemocratic because winner may not win popular vote

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2 reasons the electoral college is important

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1. it introduces a bias into the campaign and electoral process 2. winner take all rule means candidates will focus on winning states

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4 criticisms of election process

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1.too much attention to early primaries 2. long full time job 3. creates need for money 4. low voter turn out 5. media has impact

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referendum

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(state-level) voters are given the chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment

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Mandate theory of elections

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bc citizens vote for the candidate whose policy promises they favor, journalists/politicians say that the election has a mandate from the people to carry out the promised policies

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hard money

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campaign contributions that are clearly regulated by the FEC

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2 Goals of the FECA

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1. tighten reporting requirements 2. limit overall expenditures

Chapter 9 and 10 AP Gov

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