chapter 9-12 general psychology – Flashcards
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motivation
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internal processes that initiate sustain, direct, and terminate activities.
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need
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an internal deficiency that may energize behavior
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drive
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the psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals. (hunger, thirst, or a drive for success)
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response
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any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior
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goal
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the target or objective of motivated behavior
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incentive value
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the value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need
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biological motives
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innate motives based on biological needs
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stimulus motives
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express our needs for stimulation and information ex:activity, curiosity, exploration, manipulation, physical contact
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learned motives
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based on learned needs, drives and goals.
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needs cause a...
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drive (answer)
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the drive activates a....
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response (answer)
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a response pushes towards a....
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goal (answer)
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homeostasis
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a steady state of the bodies equilibrium
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jet lag
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being in a different time zone messes with your circadian rhythm (going outside helps quicken adaption)
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meletonin
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distinguishes night and day
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episodic drive
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a drive, like pain, that occurs in distinct episodes.
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hunger levels
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internal physiological factors and external environmental and social ones.
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hypothalamus
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a small area at the base of the brain that regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior.
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anorexia nervosa
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active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychologocal origins
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bulimia nervosa
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excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self induced vomiting and or taking laxatives
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behavioral dieting
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weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation
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extracellular thirst
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thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells (bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and drinking alcohol)
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intracellular thirst
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thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell. (quenched by plain water)
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sex drive
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the strength of ones motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
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estrus
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females in heat
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estrogen
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any of a number of female sex hormones
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androgens
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any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone
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erogenous zones
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areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desire (genitals,mouth,breasts,ears,anus)
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excitement phase
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the first phase of sexual response, indicated by intitial signs of sexual arousal
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plateau phase
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the second level of sexual response, during which physical arousal intentifies
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orgasm
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a climax and release of sexual excitement
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resolution
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the final phase of sexual response, involving a return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal
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sexual scripts
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an unspoken mental plan that defines a "plot" dialogue, and actions expected to take place in a sexual encounter
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sexual orientation
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ones degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, or opposite sex, both sexes, or neither sex
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desire disorder
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the person has little to no sexual motivation or desire
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arousal disorders
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the person desires sexual activity but does not become sexually aroused
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orgasm disorders
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the person does not have orgasms or experiences orgasms too soon or too late
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sexual pain disorders
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the person experiences pain that makes lovemaking uncomfortable or impossible
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arousal theory
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assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal
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yerkes-dodson law
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when a task is simple, is it best for arousal to be high. when a task is more complex, your best performance will occur at lower levels of arousal
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basic needs of maslows hierarchy
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lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs
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growth needs
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top of the hierarchy. the need for self-actualization
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meta needs
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an expression of tendencies to fully develop your personal potential
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maslows meta needs
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wholeness, perfection, completion, and justice
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intrinsic motivation
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occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards
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extrinsic motivation
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stems from external factors, such as pay, grades, rewards, obligations and approval.
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emotion
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characterized by physiological arousal, changes in facial expression, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings
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adaptive behavior
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actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions.
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physiological changes
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alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary responses
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emotional expression
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outward signs that an emotion is occuring
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emotional feelings
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the private, subjective experience of having an emotion
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basic emotions
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robert plutchiks theory that most fundamental emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, etc
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mood
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a low intensity, long lasting emotional state.
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autonomic nervous system
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the system of nerves that connects the brain with the internal organs and glands
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sympathetic branch
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activates the body in times of stress fight or flight
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parasympathetic branch
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quiets the body and conserves energy
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parasympathetic rebound
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excess activity in the PNS following a period of intense emotion. (can we be severe enough to cause death)
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polygraph
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a device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response: lie detector
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guilty knowledge test
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polygraph procedure involving testing people with knowledge only a guilty person could know
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kinesics
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study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facials expressions.
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the james-lang theory
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states that emotional feelings follow physical arousal and come from awareness of such arousal
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cannon-bard theory
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states that activity in the thalamus causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously
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schachter's cognitive theory
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states that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues
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attribution
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the mental process of assigning causes to events. in emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source
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emotional appraisal
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evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation
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richard lazarus
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the role of cognition in experiencing emotions is not restricted to making causal attributions about why arousal has occurred.
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facial feedback
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states that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels.
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coral izard
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among the first to suggest that the face does indeed, affect emotion
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character
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personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a persons desirable or undesirable qualities
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personality
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a persons unique and relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions and behavior
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personality trait
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a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations
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personality type
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a style of personality defined by a group of related traits
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introvert
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a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, elf-centered person
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extrovert
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a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person
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self-concept
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a persons perception of his or her own personality trait
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self-esteem
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regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself
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personality theories
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a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality.
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trait theories
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attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior
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psychodynamic theories
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focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
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humanistic theories
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stress private, subjective experience and personal growth.
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behavior and social learning theories
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place importance on the external environmental and on the effects of conditioning and learning
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common traits
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personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular cultures
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individual traits
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personality traits that define a persons unique individual qualities
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cardinal trait
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a personality trait so basic that all of a persons activities relate to it
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central traits
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the core traits that characterize an individual personality
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secondary traits
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traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial
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surface traits
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the visible or observable traits of ones personality
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source traits
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basic underlying traits, or dimensions, of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits
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trait profile
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a graph of the scores obtained on several personality traits
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the big five factor
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proposes that their are five universal dimensions of personality
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extroversion (factor 1)
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rate how introverted or extroverted each person is
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agreeableness (factor 2)
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refers to how friendly, nurturant, and caring a person is, as opposed to cold, indifferent, self centered or spiteful
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conscientious (factor 3)
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self-disciplined, responsible, and achieving
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neuroticism (factor 4)
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refers to negative, upsetting emotions
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openness to experience (factor 5)
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intelligent and open to new ideas
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genes
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traits are designed between...
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psychoanalytic theory
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freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts
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ID
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made up of innate biological instincts and urges
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pleasure principle
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self-serving, irrational, impulsive, and totally unconscious
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psyche
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personality
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libido
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flows from life instincts
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ego
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the head; directs energy supplied by the ID
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superego
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acts as the judge; censor for thoughts and actions of the ego
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neurotic anxiety
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when the ego can barely keep them under control
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moral anxiety
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threats of punishment from the superego
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psychosexual stage
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freud theorized that the core of personality is formed before age 6
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psychosexual stages
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oral anal phallic genital
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oral dependent personality
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gullible,and passive, they need alot of attention (they swallow things easy)
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oral aggressive
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adults who exploit others; they like to argue
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phallic personality
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vanity, exhibitionism, sensitive pride, and narcissism
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anal-retentive personality
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obstinate, stingy, orderly and compulsively clean
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anal expulsive personality
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disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy
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oedipal confict
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increased sexual interest causes the child to be attracted to the parent of the opposite sex
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electra conflict
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the girl loves her father but competes with her mother
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latency
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a quiet time during which psychosexual development is dormant
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humanism
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focus's on human experiences. problems, potentials, and ideals
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self- actualization
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the process of fully developing personal potentials
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abraham maslow
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major humanistic theorist
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carl rogers
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(humanist) emphasized the human capacity for inner peace and happiness
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self
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a continuously evolving conception of ones personal identity.
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self-image
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total subjective perception of ones body and personality
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incongruence
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a state of exists when there is a discrepancy between ones experiences and self image or between ones self image and ideal self
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ideal self
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an idealized image of oneself
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possible self
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a collection of thoughts, political, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become
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rogers theory
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believed that positive and negative evaluations by others cause children to develop internal standards of evaluation
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conditions of worth
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internal standards used to judge the value of ones thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences
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behavioral personality theory
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any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior
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situational determinant
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external conditions that strongly influence behavior
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social learning theory
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an explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and effect of social relationships
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self-efficacy
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belief in your capacity to produce a desired result
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gender roles
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the pattern of behavior that are regarded as "male" or female" by ones culture; sometimes also referred to as a sex roles
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androgyny
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the presence of both "masculine" and "feminine" traits in a single person
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trait-situation interection
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the influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits
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interview(personality)
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a face-to-face meeting, held for the purpose of gaining information about an individuals personal history, personality traits, current psychological state, and so forth
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health psychology
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study of the ways in which cognitive and behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health
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life style disease
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a disease related to health damaging personal habits
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behavioral risks
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behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death
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smoking
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what is the #1 risk to dying
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what is the #1 womens killer
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heart disease
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subjective well-being
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a positive state of good health; more than the absence of disease
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sexually transmitted disease
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a disease that is typically passed from one person to the next by intimate physical contact; a venereal diease
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stress reaction
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the physical response to stress, consisting mainly of bodily changes related to autonomic nervous system arousal
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general adaptive syndrome (gas)
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a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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alarm reaction
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first stage of the GAS, during which bodily resources are mobilized to cope with a stressor
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stage of resistance
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second stage of the GAS at which bodily adjustments to stress stabilize, but at a high physical cost
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stage of exhaustion
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third stage of the GAS, at which time the bodys resources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur
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psychoneuroimmunolgy
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study of the links among behavior, stress, disease, and the immune system
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stressor
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a specific condition or event in the environment that challenges or threatens a person
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burnouts
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a work related condition of mental, physical and emotional exhaustion
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primary appraisal( richard lazarus)
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deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat
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secondary appraisal
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deciding how to cope with a threat or challenge.
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emotion-focused coping
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managing or controlling ones emotional reaction to a stressful or threatening situation (we try to control our emotional reactions to the situation)
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problem-focused coping
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directly managing or remedying a stressful or threatening situation
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pressure
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a stressful condition that occurs when a person must meet urgent external demands or expectations
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eurostress
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provoked by activities that are challenging, rewarding and energizing
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frustration
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a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a goal
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social/non-social
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two types of frustration
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aggression
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any response made with the intent of causing harm
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displaced aggression
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redirecting aggression to a target other than the actual source of ones frustration
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scapegoating
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blaming a person or a group of people for conditioning not of their making
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escape
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reducing discomfort by leaving frustration situations or by psychologically withdrawing from them
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conflict
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a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives
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approach-approach conflict
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choosing between two positive, or desirable, alternative
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approach-avoidance conflict
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being attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity
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avoidance-avoidance conflict
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choosing between negative, undesirable alternatives
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multiple approach-avoidance conflict
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being simultaneously attracted to repelled by each of several alternatives
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anxiety
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apprehension, dread, or uneasiness similar to fear but based on an unclear threat
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defense mechanism
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a habitual and often unconscious psychological process used to reduce anxiety
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denial
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protecting oneself from unpleasant reality by refusing to accept it or believe it
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repression
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unconsciously preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering awarness
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reaction formation
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preventing dangerous impulse from being expressed in behavior by exaggerating opposite behavior
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regression
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retreating to an earlier level of development or to earlier, less demanding habits or situations
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projection
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attributing ones own feelings, shortcomings, or unacceptable impulses to others
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rationalization
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justifying your behavior be giving reasonable and "rational", but false, reasons for it
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compensation
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counteracting a real or imagined weakness by emphasizing desirable traits to seeking to excel in the area of weakness or in other areas
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sublimation
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working off unmet desires, or unacceptable impulses, in activities that are constructive
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learned helplessness
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a learned inability to overcome obstacles or to avoid punishments; learned passivity and inaction to aversive stumuli
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depression
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a state of despondency marked by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness
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psychosomatic disorders
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illnesses in which psychological factors contribute to bodily damage or to damaging changes in the bodily functioning
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hypochondriac
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a person who complains about illnesses that appear to be imaginary
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biofeedback
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information given to a person about his or her ongoing bodily activities; aids voluntary regulation of physical states
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type A personality
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a personality type with an elevated risk of heart disease; characterized by time urgency, anger, and hostility
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Type B personality
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all personality types other than type A's; a low cardiac- risk personality
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hardy personality
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a personality style associated with superior stress resistance
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pathchopatholgy
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the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also, abnormal or maladaptive behavior
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statisical abnormality
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abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety
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social nonconformity
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failure to conform to societal norms or the usual minimum standards for social conduct
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maladaptive behavior
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behavior arising from underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-today life
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insanity
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a legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage ones affairs or to be aware of the consequences of ones actions
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mental disorder
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a significant impairment in psychological functioning
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psychotic disorder
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a severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, by hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal
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mood disorder
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a major disturbance in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania
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anxiety disorder
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disruptive feelings or apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that are anxiety related
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comorbidity
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the simultaneous presence in a person of two more mental disorders
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neurosis
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an outdated term once used to refers, as a group, to anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, dissociative disorders, and some forms of deprssion
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psychosis
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a withdrawl from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thought and emotions, and personality disorganization
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delusion
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a false belief held against all contrary evidence (part of psychosis)
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hallucinations
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an imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing or smelling things that dont exist in the real world
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dementia
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a serious mental impairment in old age caused by deterioration of the brain
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alzheimers disease
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an age-related disease characterized by memory loss, mental confusion, and, in its later stages, a nearly total loss of mental abilities
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delusional disorder
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a psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupatonal
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erotomanic type
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delusions that a person is loved by another person, especially someone with a higher status
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grandiose type
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a person that believes they have unrecognized talent, knowledge, or insight
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jealous type
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a person with the belief that their spouse or lover is unfaithful
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persecutory type
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a person they believes they are being cheated, followed, spied on or harrassed
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somatic type
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a person they believes their bodies are rotting or diseased
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paranoid psychosis
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the most common delusion. often believe they are being spied on or someone/something is out to get them (the hardest to treat)
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schizophrenia
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a psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy and a personality that disintegrates or "splits" apart
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disorganized type
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grossly disorganized behavior, bizarre thinking, and flat or grossly inappropriate behavior
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catatonic type
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marked by stupor, rigidity, unresponsiveness, posturing, mutism and sometimes agitated, purposeless behavior
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paranoid type
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frequent auditory hallucinations related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution
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psychological trauma
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a psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, and so forth
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depressive disorder
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emotional disorders primarily involving sadness, despondency, and depression
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bipolar disorder
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emotional disorders involving both depression and mania or hypomania
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major mood disorder
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disorders marked by lasting extremes of mood or emotion and sometimes accompanied by psychotic symptoms
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major depressive disorder
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a mood disorder in which the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression
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bipolar 1 disorder
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a mood disorder in which a person as episodes of mania
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bipolar 2 disorder
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a mood disorder in which a person is mostly depressed but also had one or more episodes of mild mania
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endogenous depression
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depression that appears to be produced from within, rather than as a reaction to life events
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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depression that occurs only during fall and winter; presumably related to decrease exposure to sunlight
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adjustment disorder
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an emotional disturbance caused by ongoing stressors within the range of common experience
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generalized anxiety disorder
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a chronic state of tension and worry about work, relationships, ability, or impending disaster
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panic disorder (without agoraphobia)
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a chronic state of anxiety and also brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic
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panic disorder
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a chronic state of anxiety and brief moments of sudden panic. the person fears that these panic attacks will occur in public places or unfamiliar situations
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agoraphobia (without panic)
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the fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters unfamiliar situations
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specific phobias
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an intense, irrational fear of specific objects, activities, or situations
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social phobia
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an intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, embarrassed, or humiliated by others in social situations
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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an extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors
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stress disorder
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a significant emotional disturbance caused by stresses outside the range of normal human experience
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acute stress disorder
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a psychological disturbance lasting up to 1 month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone who experienced them
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post traumatic stress disorder
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a psychological disturbance lasting more than 1 month following stresses that would produce anxiety in anyone wo experienced them
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dissociated amnesia
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loss of memory
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dissociative identity disorder
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a person with multiple personalities
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four pathways to trouble
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psychodynamic approach humanistic-existential approach behaviorist approach cognitive approach
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antisocial personality
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a person who lacks a conscience; is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and selfish; and tends to manipulate others
