Chapter 8 Vocab- AP Human Geography- Political Geography – Flashcards
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territorial sovereignty
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a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack
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Peace of Westphalia
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peace negotiated in 1648 to end the thirty years' war, europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. the treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security
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mercantilism
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economic policy that forces colonies to sell their raw materials for low prices and then buy them back from the mother country for high prices. Also, colonies cannot create their own goods (no factories) or buy goods from another country without the risk of war
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nation
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a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
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nation-state
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a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
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democracy
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gov based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state
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multinational state
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a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
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multistate nation
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A nation with more than one state
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stateless nation
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a nation without a state
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colonialism
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a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own
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scale
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representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.
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capitalism
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people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit
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core
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Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy
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periphery
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Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy
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semiperiphery
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Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery
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ability
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in the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means
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centripetal
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forces that trend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith
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centrifugal
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forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal, religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
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unitary
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highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power
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federal
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a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds
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devolution
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Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
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territorial representation
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system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district
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reapportionment
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process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.
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splitting
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in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts
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majority-minority districts
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in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority
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gerrymandering boundary
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redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible
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geometric boundary
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based on grid systems
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physical-political boundary
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follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape.
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heartland theory
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A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east.
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critical geopolitics
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The idea that intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and these ideas affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics
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unilateralism
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world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process
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supranational organization
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a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. Ex. European Union
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