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Chapter 8 Vocab- AP Human Geography- Political Geography – Flashcards

Sara Graham

7 July 2022

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political geography

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a subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface

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state

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a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be recognized by such by other states.

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territoriality

answer

"the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area." - Robert Sack

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soveriegnty

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having the last say over a territory - legally

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territorial sovereignty

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a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack

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Peace of Westphalia

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peace negotiated in 1648 to end the thirty years' war, europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. the treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

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mercantilism

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economic policy that forces colonies to sell their raw materials for low prices and then buy them back from the mother country for high prices. Also, colonies cannot create their own goods (no factories) or buy goods from another country without the risk of war

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nation

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a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals

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nation-state

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a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

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democracy

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gov based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

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multinational state

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a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

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multistate nation

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A nation with more than one state

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stateless nation

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a nation without a state

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colonialism

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a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own

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scale

answer

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

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capitalism

answer

people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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core

answer

Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy

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periphery

answer

Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

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semiperiphery

answer

Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

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ability

answer

in the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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centripetal

answer

forces that trend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

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centrifugal

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forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal, religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

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unitary

answer

highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power

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federal

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a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds

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devolution

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Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

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territorial representation

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system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

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reapportionment

answer

process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.

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splitting

answer

in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts

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majority-minority districts

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in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

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gerrymandering boundary

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redistricting for advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible

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geometric boundary

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based on grid systems

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physical-political boundary

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follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape.

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heartland theory

answer

A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east.

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critical geopolitics

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The idea that intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and these ideas affect how we, the people, process our own notions of places and politics

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unilateralism

answer

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

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supranational organization

answer

a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. Ex. European Union

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question

political geography

answer

a subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface

question

state

answer

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be recognized by such by other states.

question

territoriality

answer

"the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area." - Robert Sack

question

soveriegnty

answer

having the last say over a territory - legally

question

territorial sovereignty

answer

a government has the right to keep the borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack

question

Peace of Westphalia

answer

question

mercantilism

answer

question

nation

answer

a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals

question

nation-state

answer

a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

question

democracy

answer

gov based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state

question

multinational state

answer

a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

question

multistate nation

answer

A nation with more than one state

question

stateless nation

answer

a nation without a state

question

colonialism

answer

a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own

question

scale

answer

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

question

capitalism

answer

people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

question

core

answer

Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy

question

periphery

answer

Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

question

semiperiphery

answer

Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery

question

ability

answer

in the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

question

centripetal

answer

forces that trend to unify a country- such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

question

centrifugal

answer

forces that tend to divide a country- such as internal, religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

question

unitary

answer

highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power

question

federal

answer

a government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds

question

devolution

answer

Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

question

territorial representation

answer

system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

question

reapportionment

answer

process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.

question

splitting

answer

question

majority-minority districts

answer

in the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

question

gerrymandering boundary

answer

question

geometric boundary

answer

based on grid systems

question

physical-political boundary

answer

follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape.

question

heartland theory

answer

question

critical geopolitics

answer

question

unilateralism

answer

world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

question

supranational organization

answer

a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. Ex. European Union

Chapter 8 Vocab- AP Human Geography- Political Geography – Flashcards

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