question

What is TRUE about low-fat diets for weight loss? a. they tend to provide a smaller volume of food for less energy b. low-fat foods are low in calories c. low-fat diets satisfy hunger after less energy is consumed. d. Calories from dietary fat are stored less efficiently than excess calories from carbohydrate

answer

c. low fat diets satisfy hunger after less energy is consumed

question

What does research reveal about overweight and obese individuals? a. those who gained the most weight had the greatest levels of involuntary exercise. b. those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity. c. obese individuals use more calories for NEAT than lean people. d. environment has no bearing on genetic susceptibility.

answer

b. those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity

question

What is TRUE about leptin levels in in an obese individual? a. Leptin is secreted when blood glucose levels drop. b. circulating insulin is inversely related to the amount of body fat c. leptin levels are controlled by calorie intake and energy expenditure. d. the amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat.

answer

d. the amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat

question

What is meant by a set point for body weight? a. consistent physical activity. b. stable weight range c. constant body composition d. strict weight control plan

answer

b. stable weight range

question

What is TRUE about the location of the body fat on heath risk? a. visceral fat is associated with a lower incidence of heart disease b. subcutaneous fat carries a higher health risk than visceral fat. c. people who carry fat in the hips and lower body have more subcutaneous fat. d. visceral fat storage is more common in women than men

answer

c. people who carry fat int he hips and lower body have more subcutaneous fat.

question

what is a component of an ideal weight management plan? a. promotion of rapid weight loss to quickly achieve weight goal. b. the caloric intakes should be less than 1200 calories per day c. the opportunity to maintain favorite foods and usual eating pattern. d. regular physical activity to increase energy expenditure.

answer

d. regular physical activity to increase energy expenditure

question

Which of the following types of people would benefit most from weight loss? a. a person with other risk factors associated with excess body fat b. a person with a Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 28 kg/m2 c. a person with high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. d. overweight and obese women at the beginning of their pregnancy

answer

a. a person with other risk factors associated with excess body fats

question

compared to normal- weight individuals, obesity is associated with which of the following conditions? a. sleep apnea b. high HDL cholesterol c. low triglyceride level d. low blood glucose levels

answer

a. sleep apnea

question

Which one of the following statement describes indirect calorimetery? a. heat is produced when a food is combusted b. the amount of heat produced is proportional to the amount of energy used. c. energy use is estimated by assessing oxygen utilization d. labeled oxygen and hydrogen are used by the body in metabolism.

answer

c. energy use is estimated by assessing oxygen utilization

question

Which statement about weight-loss surgeries is true? a. they may be appropriate for a person with a BMI greater than or equal to 26 kg/m2. b. they are recommended for people who are able to perform daily activities. c. they alter the GI tract to increase nutrient absorption. d. success requires a permanent change in eating habits.

answer

d. success requires a permanent change in eating habits

question

What is one way that medications can promote weight loss? a. they decrease fat absorption b. they boost metabolism c. they promote lean body mass d. they decrease water loss

answer

a. they decrease fat absorption

question

What is true about a healthy diet? a. limits food selections to a few food groups. b. requires the purchase of special foods and supplements c. promotes rapid weight loss of much more than 2 pounds per week d. it is based on sounds scientific principles.

answer

d. is based on sound scientific principles

question

What is satiety? a. it is a signal that stimulates one to eat b. it is caused by the release of stomach hormone c. it is the feeling of fullness d. it is results from the overproduction of ghrelin

answer

c. it is the feeling of fullness

question

Which one of the following methods assesses body composition? a. Body mass index [BMI] b. body weight c. skin fold thickness d. energy balance

answer

c. skin fold thickness

question

What is true about a person with a "healthy" weight? a. they person has no body fat. b. the person has a low risk for disease c. the person lacks insulation against changes in temperature d. the person has a high risk for early death

answer

b. the person has a low risk for disease

question

considering the average person, what is the body's major energy expenditure? a. basal metabolism b. physical activity c. non-exercise thermogenesis d. thermic effect of food

answer

a. basal metabolism.

question

how has the incidence of obesity changed in the U.S. and world-wide over the past 20 years? a. the rate of obesity has increased b. the rate of obesity remains the same c. the rate of obesity's decreased. d. the rate of obesity has increased in the United States, but not worldwide.

answer

a. the rate of obesity has increased

question

Which statement most accurately depicts the difference in obesity trends between 1990 and 2009? a. The trend between 1990 and 2007 reveals a decrease in the overall obesity rate. b. Trended results show a proportional increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity. c. Trended results show a slight increase in the presence of states with less than 20% obesity. d. Results for Eastern seaboard states remain unchanged.

answer

b. trended results show a proportional increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity

question

The most accurate description of energy balance is: a. an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight. b. a slight increase in energy consumption with a minimal weight gain. c. an equal increase in weight gain and energy consumption. d. a decrease in energy expenditure followed by a proportional increase in weight.

answer

a. an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight.

question

A person consumes a meal consisting of 38 grams of protein, 20 grams of fat and 65 grams of carbohydrates. The amount of total energy based on this meal is: a. 527 calories b. 472 calories c. 592 calories d. 557 kcalories

answer

c. 592 kcalories

question

Total energy expenditure is calculated by: a. adding basal metabolic rate and the thermic effect of food. b. consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity. c. regulation of body temperature and thermic effect of food. d. doubling the metabolic rate.

answer

b. consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity.

question

The technique whereby calipers are used to measure the amount of subcutaneous fat is known as: a. underwater weighing. b. bioelectric impedance. c. basal measurement. d. skinfold measurement.

answer

d. skinfold measurement

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the location of body fat? a. The location of body fat does not affect health risks. b. The greatest health risk is associated with subcutaneous fat. c. Increased visceral fat is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease. d. Generally, visceral fat is located in the hips and lower body.

answer

c. increased visceral fat is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease

question

The set point theory suggests that: a. body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change. b. a set point of calorie consumption must be reached before weight loss can occur. c. a maximum body weight exists for each individual and cannot be exceeded. d. there is a level of calorie consumption above which no weight will be gained.

answer

a. body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change

question

A person who feels full thereby not attempting to eat further has achieved satiety. a. True b. False

answer

a. true

question

Obese individuals have similar amounts of leptin as do normal weight individuals but the overall response to these levels is exaggerated leading to weight gain a. True b. False

answer

b. false

question

Potential complications of bariatric surgery can include gallstone formation, dumping syndrome and nutrient deficiencies a. True b. False

answer

a. true

question

Which of the following physical activity level describes a person who walks 2.2 miles at a rate of 3-4 mph in addition to the activities of daily living? a. Sedentary b. Low active c. Active d. Very active

answer

b. low active

question

What is the BMI of a person who is 5 feet 8 inches and weighs 170 lbs? a. 24 b. 26 c. 36 d. 41

answer

b. 26 - weight in kg/(height in m)2 inches--> cm x2.54 lbs to kg. --> /2.2

question

Energy is stored in the body primarily as __________ and ___________. a. glycogen, triglycerides b. protein, glucose c. muscle, glycogen d. glucose, triglycerides

answer

a. glycogen, triglycerides

question

What is the total energy content of a serving of granola that contains 7 grams of fat, 40 grams of carbohydrate and 4 grams of protein? a. 51 kcals b. 145 kcals c. 239 kcals d. 319 kcals

answer

c. 239 kcals

question

Which of the following does NOT increase in an individual's basal metabolic rate? a. Increasing age over 50 b. An increase in muscle mass c. An increase in body weight d. Running a fever

answer

a. increasing age over 50

question

The energy expended to digest and store nutrients is called: a. basal metabolic rate. b. digestive capacity thermogenesis. c. consumptive heat capacity. d. thermic effect of food.

answer

d. thermic effect of food

question

As dietary nutrients are broken down to provide energy they are all converted to which metabolic intermediate? a. Pyruvate b. Acetyl CoA c. Lactate d. Ketone bodies

answer

b. acetyl CoA

question

To provide glucose to the body between meals: a. fat is broken down. b. glycogen is broken down. c. internal organs are liquified. d. snacks must be consumed.

answer

b. glycogen is broken down

question

Which nutrient(s), when consumed in excess of energy needs, is/are preferentially used to produce body adipose tissue? a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Fats d. Individual amino acids

answer

c. fats

question

Which individual would have the lowest recommended energy intake, per unit of body weight? a. A 2-month old infant b. An 80-year old female c. A 26- year old woman, in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy d. An adolescent male

answer

b. an 80 year old female

question

An individual who exercises at moderate intensity for 60 minutes per day would be considered: a. sedentary. b. low active. c. active. d. very active.

answer

c. active

question

Being underweight: a. is always the result of an eating disorder. b. is never a concern since people suffer no health risks. c. is associated with an increased risk of early death. d. is an unnatural condition that should always be remedied.

answer

c. is associated with an increased risk of early death.

question

Obesity increases the risk of some cancers because: a. the high fat foods typically consumed have abundant cancer-promoting substances. b. adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation. c. high blood triglycerides commonly seen in obesity damage DNA in cells lining the major blood vessels. d. obese individuals tend to be sedentary.

answer

b. adipose tissue produces hormones which promote cell proliferation.

question

In order to calculate a person's Body Mass Index, what information about the person must be known? a. Height & weight b. Lean body mass & body water c. Lean body mass & fat stores d. Waist circumference & height

answer

a. height and weight

question

Which brain region regulates long-term food intake and energy expenditure? a. Cerebellum b. Cortex c. Frontal lobe d. Hypothalamus

answer

d. hypothalamus

question

In order to lose fat, not lean tissue, what is the recommended rate of weight loss? a. 1/2 to 2 pounds per week b. 1 to 3 pounds per week c. 2 to 4 pounds per week d. No more than 30 pounds/month

answer

a. 1/2 to 2 pounds per week

question

A higher incidence of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke and diabetes is associated with: a. fat on hips and thighs. b. subcutaneous fat. c. visceral fat. d. any fat, no matter where it is deposited.

answer

c. visceral fat

question

When a diet is very low in kcalories and carbohydrate for a long period of time, what is most likely to develop? a. Diabetes b. Hepatitis c. Hyperglycemia d. Ketosis

answer

d. ketosis

question

A common problem associated with losing weight by drinking only low kcalorie weight loss products is: a. eating habits are not changed. b. the formula is available by prescription only, making the program inconvenient. c. formula plans are expensive. d. mixing the formulas require extensive calculation.

answer

a. eating habits are not changed

question

Long term healthy weight loss is based on all the following principles EXCEPT: a. increasing physical activity. b. adopting lifelong changes in eating habits. c. eating foods in the "right" combinations to burn more calories. d. moderate portion sizes.

answer

c. eating foods in the right combination to burn more calories

question

Which guideline about weight loss is correct? a. All individuals with a BMI >25 should lose weight. b. If a child is obese, weight should be lost as quickly as possible so it doesn't interfere with development. c. Most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss. d. The health benefits of weight loss do not begin to accrue until normal weight is achieved.

answer

c. most people can reduce health risks with a 5-15% weight loss

question

Which is TRUE regarding the disadvantages of using Body Mass Index as a means of assessing chronic disease risk? a. Someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI. b. BMI uses measurements which are cumbersome to obtain. c. Calculating BMI is relatively expensive. d. BMI calculations for men and women require different formulas.

answer

a. someone with a large amount of muscle mass will have a high BMI.

question

If a serving of tuna contains 1 gram fat, 0 carbohydrates and contains 69 calories, how many grams of protein are in one serving? a. 15 b. 30 c. 44 d. 60

answer

a. 15

question

Which statement about obesity is true? a. Obesity rates have remained constant over the last 50 years. b. Obesity is defined as having a BMI >25. c. Obesity rates tend to be constant across racial and ethnic groups. d. Obesity is defined as having a BMI >30.

answer

d. obesity is defined was having a BMI > 30.

question

What is the function of a bomb calorimeter? a. It determines how much energy is spent when performing a specific exercise. b. It is utilized to "burn off" excess kcals. c. It determines the energy content of a particular food. d. It accurately measures percent body fat.

answer

c. it determines the energy content of a particular food.

question

Indirect calorimetry measures ________and _______ to estimate energy expenditure. a. food consumed, heat produced b. food consumed, water excreted c. oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired d. oxygen consumed, sweat produced

answer

c. oxygen consumed, carbon dioxide expired

question

Body fat is stored in cells called: a. adipocytes. b. enterocytes. c. hepatocytes. d. β cells.

answer

a. adipocytes

question

_____________ is produced by adipocytes and functions to maintain the amount of fat in the body at a constant or stable level. a. Thyroxine b. Leptin c. Gherlin d. Insulin

answer

b. leptin

question

The stimulus which prompts one to eat in response to internal physical cues is best described as: a. appetite. b. hunger. c. behavioral modification. d. satiety.

answer

b. hunger

question

Overweight is defined as having a body mass index of _____kg/m2. a. 30-34.9 b. 35-39.9 c. 25-29.9 d. 20-24.9

answer

c. 25-29.9

question

A food with 12 g of fat, 7 g of protein, and 20 g f carbohydrate contains _____ kcal a. 191 b.216 c. 256 d. 156

answer

216

question

in the hierarchy of nutrient use, which of the following is true? a. alcohol is metabolized the most slowly. b. amino acids are easily stored for later energy needs c. first, carbohydrates are used to maintain blood glucose and build glycogen stores, and then any remaining carbohydrates are oxidized for energy d. fats are metabolized rapidly and are rarely stored

answer

c. first, carbohydrates are used to maintain blood glucose and build glycogen stores, and then any remaining carbohydrates are oxidized for energy

question

What phrase best describes the energy needed to maintain basic bodily functions such as the beating of your heart, as well as that need to process food and fuel activity? a. total energy expenditure b. basal metabolism c. resting energy expenditure d. active metabolism

answer

a. total energy expenditure

question

all of the following are true with regard to weight loss (bariatric) surgery, EXCEPT: a. it dramatically reduces food intake and limits stomach capacity b. it doesn't have any effect on satiety c. it is reserved for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 or at least 35 with additional risk factors d. it produces significant weight loss in obese patients e. all of the above are true with regard to weight loss [bariatric] surgery

answer

b. it does NOT have any effect on satiety

question

in order to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic disease, daily physical activity at what level is recommended? a. sedentary b. active c. very active d. low active

answer

b. active

question

Which of the following has the least evidence to suggest it might be a health risk associated with excess body weight? a. sleep apnea b. cancer c. diabetes d. asthma

answer

d. asthma

question

Body mass index is calculated by: a. weight in kg/height in m b. weight in kg/ (height in m)2 c. weight in kg/height in inches d. (weight in kg)2/ height in m

answer

b. weight in kg/ (height in m)2

question

what method for assessing body composition directs a low-energy current through the body? a. underwater weighing b. water-soluble isotope ingestion c. DEXA d. bioelectric impedence

answer

d. bioelectric impedance

question

which of the following hormones acts as a thermostat to keep body fatness from changing? a. insulin b. gherkin c. leptin d. pepsin

answer

c. leptin

question

in the short term, which of the following substances doesn't determine hunger or fullness? a. cholecystokinin b. glucose c. ghrelin d. leptin

answer

d. leptin

question

which of the following statements about obesity and genes is true? a. more than 300 genes and chromosomes have been linked to body weight regulation b. an abnormality in three or more obesity genes is relied before obesity begins to occur c. obesity genes determine how quickly weight is gained d. body fat storage is independent of genes

answer

a. more than 300 genes and chromosomes have been linked to body weight regulation

question

which of the following factors contributes least to the obesity epidemic? a. accessibility of foods b. using sugar in soft drinks c. increased portion sizes d. limited time to prepare meals

answer

b. using sugar in soft drinks

question

which of the following is true regarding weight maintenance? a. a person's body weight is solely due to the genes he or she inherited b. a person;s body weight is the result of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle c. a person's body weight is solely due to that person's lifestyle d. none of these choices is true.

answer

b. a persons body weight is there result of the interaction between genetics and lifestyle

question

for most people, what percentage of weight loss will significantly reduce disease risks? a. 5-10% b. 10-15% c. 5-15% d. 10-20%

answer

5-15%

question

at what rate should weight be lost to ensure that most of what is lost is fat and not lean tissue? a. 10 pounds per month b. 1-3 lbs per week c. 15 pounds per month d. 0.5-2 lbs per week

answer

d. 0.5-2 lbs per week

question

weight loss is generally recommended for: a. all individuals b. those who are overweight with related disease conditions c. overweight children and adolescents d. pregnant women

answer

b. those who are overweight with related disease conditions

question

the best way to lose weight is to: a. lose it as quickly as possible b. only decreases the mount of calories consumed. c. only increase the amount of energy expended. d. slowly lose about 10% of body weight

answer

d. slowly lose about 10% of body weight

question

which of the following is characteristic of a fad diet? a. avoidance of certain foods b. promotes flexibility c. avoidance of costly supplements d. meet nutrient needs

answer

a. avoidance of certain foods

question

which of the following promotes a very low carbohydrate diet? a. dieting with the duchess b. Atkin's diet c. optimist d. jenny craig

answer

b. atkins diet

question

which of the following procedures just restricts food intake? a. gastric banding b. liposuction c. intestinal bypass d. gastric bypass

answer

a. gastric banding

question

basal metabolism makes up about 60-75% of the body's total energy expenditure. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

the body stores a significant amount of energy as protein. a. true b false

answer

b. false

question

adipocytes are where the body stores glucose. a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

protein and carbohydrates may be converted to fat for storage by first converting them to acetyl-CoA. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

direct calorimetry is a method of estimating energy use that compares the amount of oxygen consumed to the amount of carbon dioxide expired. a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

engaging in more vigorous activity allows a person to expend the same number of calories in less time. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

the more obese a person is, the greater his/her chances of developing gallstones. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

some body fat is essential for health, energy storage, cushioning, and insulation. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

fidgeting can result in a lower tendency to gain weight. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

weight loss surgery has very few risks and should be considered for a wide spectrum of individuals a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

which of the following is NOT true about obesity in the U.S. a. 32% of adults are obese. b. obesity rates for minorities often exceed those in the general population. c. energy imbalance is the main reason americans are getting fatter d. 55% of adults are overweight or obese

answer

d. 55% of adults are overweight or obese (68%)

question

what is the common intermediate for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism? a. pyruvate b. glycerol c. glucose d. acetyl-CoA

answer

d. acetyl CoA

question

waist circumference can be an indication of "risky" abdominal obesity. A waist circumference of ____ inches for a man would indicate excess abdominal fat and increased health risk a. 27 b. 32 c. 37 d. 42 e. none of the above

answer

d. 42

question

all of the following are TRUE with regard to body mass index [BMI] except: a. that is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to his or her height. b. that is provides an indirect measure of body fat c. that there is an increased risk of obesity-related disease and conditions with increasing BMI d. measurement requires the use of skin fold calipers or other body composition assessment tools e. no exceptions - all answers above are true with regard to body mass index.

answer

d. measurement requires the use of skin fold calipers or other body composition assessment tools

question

the thermic effect of food [TEF] is generally equivalent to ___ of the energy content to of food ingested. a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25% e. 30% f. none of the above

answer

a. 10%

question

a body mass index [BMI] calculation of 25-29.9 would classify a person as: a. underweight b. normal weight c. overweight d. obese e. a candidate for weight-loss surgery

answer

c. overweight

question

the most variable component of an individual's total energy expenditure is: a. basal metabolism b. thermic effect of food c. activity energy expenditure d. meal timing and composition e. none of the above

answer

c. activity energy expenditure

question

considering the "average" person - the primary contributor to an individual's total energy expenditure is: a. basal metabolism b. thermic effect of food c. activity energy expenditure d. meal timing and composition e. none of the above

answer

a. basal metabolism

question

all of the following are TRUE with regard to the hormone leptin, except: a. it is primarily produced by adipose tissue b. its circulating concentration is closely associated with total body fat c. increased levels of leptin in the blood act in the brain to suppress hunger d. it function primarily in short-term energy balance.

answer

d. it functions primarily in short-term energy balance

question

satiation can be defined as: a. the sense or feeling of fullness when eating that leads to termination of the meal. b. the effect of a meal on level of hunger and desire to eat after or between meals. c. the saturation of adipose tissue with the hormone gherkin d. an appetite for foods high in fat, particularly saturated fat e. no answer is correct

answer

a. the sense or feeling of fullness when eating that leads to termination of the meal.

question

a calorie is defined as: a. the energy required to raise 1 mg of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. b. the energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degrees Celsius c. a molecule that provide energy to cells. d. a by-product of carbohydrate and fat metabolism e. no answer is correct

answer

b. the energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius.

question

definition of obesity

answer

- condition of excessive fat, either generalized or local - it is possible to be overweight but not over-eat, and over-eat but not overweight.

question

national institute of health guidelines

answer

classify individuals with BMI of 25-29 as overweight and with BMI of 30 or greater as obese

question

overweight and obesity statistics

answer

- data from 1999 --> 2010 reflect 68% of US. adults are overweight or obese. - a dramatic increase - same trend seen in the U.S. is seen worldwide - higher average incidence in African American and Hispanic American populations - concern with increased risk of chronic disease such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. - medical care costs of obesity in U.S. estimate ~ 147 billion

question

Obesity around the world

answer

- Louisiana 20-24% in 2000 and greater than or equal to 30% in 2010. - actual causes of death in the United States, 2000: tobacco, diet/physical health, alcohol, microbial agents, toxicity agents, motor vehicle crashes, firearms, sexual behavior, illicit drugs

question

What is the relationship of body weight and health: health consequences of obesity

answer

- mortality risk begins to increase with BMIs > 25. - this increase is modest until a BMI > 30. - for persons with a BMI >30 all causes of mortality are generally increased by 50-100% above persons with a BMI of 20-25.

question

why are we getting fatter? why are more people overweight and obese?

answer

Positive energy balance is due to: 1. increased calorie intake - (larger portion sizes, highly palatable, energy-dense foods, increased kilocalories due to more fat and sugar, people tend to eat in "units" - regardless of size) 2. reduced physical activity - (more mechanized lifestyle, more sedentary jobs)

question

what is the relationship of body weight and health: health risks associated with excess body weight: - cardiovascular disease - type 2 diabetes - respiratory problems - other: - gallbladder disease - osteoporosis - menstrual irregularities - cancer risk - sedentary lifestyle

answer

- cardiovascular disease more common: increased blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and LDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol decreases - type 2 diabetes increases: increase in fasting blood sugar. 80% of people with the 2 diabetes are obese. Incidence increases as much as 30 fold with a BMI of >35. - respiratory problems more common. Sleep apnea increases. asthma worsens because the workload of muscles used for breathing increases. - gallbladder disease is more common - osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease increases - menstrual irregularities are increased in overweight women. - cancer risk is higher in overweight people: women (endometrium, breast, cervix, and ovaries). men (colorectal and prostate) - a sedentary lifestyle further increases risk: obese individuals whoa re inactive have higher risks of illness and death. Inactivity increases the likelihood of developing diabetes and heart disease

question

ENERGY IN (calories consumed in food) - weight management terms

answer

- energy balance occurs when energy consumed = energy expenditure - the chemical energy found in food, which the body uses to do its work, is measured in kilocalories (kcal) in U.S. - energy is not synonymous with how you feel. - energy = the capacity to do work - overweight - too heavy for one's height or having a BMI of 25-29 - obesity is characterized by excess body fat or a BMI is greater than or equal to 30.

question

excess body fat and disease risk

answer

- psychiatric and psychosocial problems such as depression and low self-esteem. - respiratory problems such as sleep apnea and asthma - increased risk for cancers of the breast, colon, uterus, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, thyroid, and gallbladder. - cardiovascular disease and risks including blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke - gastrointestinal reflux - fatty liver - gallbladder disease and gallstones - elevated fasting blood glucose and type 2 diabetes - arthritis and gout - genealogical problems, including an abnormal menstrual cycle and infertility.

question

why are we eating more

answer

- portion sizes have increased - appetite vs. hunger - portion distortion (effects of portion size on food intake) - concept of "Eating in units": larger portions --> great intake of calories.

question

why are we getting fatter? American are eating more

answer

- supermarket, fast-food restaurants,and convenience marts make affordable for really available to the population 24 hours a day. - we are constantly bombarded with cues to eat: advertisement, food courts with sights and smells of fatty, high calorie foods and vending machines. - portion sizes have increased - Americans are also moving less. - facts: eating is voluntary/food is accessible; eating is necessary/cannot "quit." - problem/etiology/ solution: all are complicated

question

energy in vs. energy out

answer

- energy expenditure: activity reduces the risk of obesity - people are eating more and exercising less - relationship between obesity and screen time.

question

energy in: calorie and kilocalorie

answer

- a calorie is a measure of the amount of energy that is supplied to or expended by the body. - a calorie = the amount of energy (heat) required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius - kilocalorie = 1000 calories

question

energy out: NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis)

answer

- includes energy expended for unintentional exercise - fidgeting also fits into this category

question

energy in: determining the amount of energy in food

answer

- when dried food is combusted inside the chamber of a bomb calorimeter, the rise in temperature of the surrounding water can be used to determine the energy content of the food.

question

energy use

answer

there a hierarchy of nutrient use for energy based on the ability to store the energy macronutrient: - alcohol (no storage) - protein (amino acids) (no storage) - synthesize proteins and then used for energy. any excess is then broken down to provide energy because there is no mechanism for storing them as amino acids or proteins - carbohydrate (limited ability to store as glycogen) - used for energy, maintaining blood glucose, and glycogen stores. Once glycogen stores are full, the remaining carbohydrate is oxidized for energy. - fat (within reason - unlimited, as triglycerides) - used for energy in between meals.

question

energy in: energy content of foods

answer

- carbohydrates (4 kcal) - protein (4kcal) - fat (9 kcal) - alcohol (7kcal) - remember: vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide energy for your body.

question

energy expenditure - sedentary person - physically active person - very active person

answer

- sedentary: (2500 calories/day) ex:(a student who spends most of his day studying and sitting in class, expends only about 15% of his total energy expenditure for physical activity - physically active: (3000 calories/day) ex:(a person who works in an active job, or includes at least an hour of exercise per day, will expend 30% or more of his total energy). - very active person: (3500 kcal/day) ex: (such as a college athlete who trains 5-6 hours a day, may expend more energy in activity than for basal metabolism).

question

energy in: estimating the energy content of the food

answer

1. determine the number of grams of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol in a food or meal 2. calculate the energy provided by each (grams of carbs, pro, fat, alcohol x 4,4,9,7kcal/g = calories from ___). 3. calculate the total energy = kcal from carbohydrate + kcal from protein + kcal from fat + kcal from alcohol Energy descriptors on food labels: • Note that there are 2.5 servings in the bottle • So 2.5 x 100 = 250 kilocalories • Or 25 g of sugar x 2.5 = 62.5 g sugar in the bottle x 4 kilocalories/g = 250 kcalories

question

storing excess kcal as triglycerides

answer

- glucose and ketogenic amino acids are converted to body fat when the diet is high in carbohydrate or protein and is in positive energy balance. - most energy efficient way to store body fat - dietary fat to body fat.

question

body energy stores

answer

- for normal function, the body's cells need a steady supply of energy. - right after a meal and for a couple of hours following: most tissues use glucose from the diet for energy (if rating typical carbohydrate-containing meals) - in between meals: - glycogen is broken down to provide blood glucose and to replenish citric acid cycle compounds - stored fat is broken down to provide energy for most tissue and some protein is used to make glucose.

question

energy in: Fuels for metabolism

answer

- the digestive system (the transport systems) send the cells glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids

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how is energy expenditure measured? 1. direct calorimetry

answer

- heat is directly related to energy expenditure because all metabolism in body results in some heat production - direct calorimetry measures the amount of heat given off by a person;s body when he/she is in an insulated chamber

question

energy in: coverting food energy into ATP

answer

1. Glycolysis breaks glucose in half to yield two pyruvate molecules that are converted to acetyl CoA. 2. Beta oxidation breaks fatty acids into two-carbon units that form acetyl CoA 3. After deamination, amino acids can break down to form acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, and other intermediate 4. The acetyl-CoA from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid breakdown can enter the citric acid cycle 5. The electrons released are passed to the electron transport chain, and their energy is used to convert ADP to ATP

question

energy homeostasis (zero energy balance)

answer

- most adults maintain a fairly constant body weight and this is in energy homeostasis or zero energy balance. - the energy stored with consumption of food is used in between meals and then is replenished with the next meal and on and on.

question

ENERGY OUT: calories used by the body - TEE (total energy expenditure)

answer

- the sum of the energy used for: - basal energy (~60-75% of TEE) - physical activity (~15-30% of TEE) - processing food (~10% of TEE) - depositing new tissue (growth and pregnancy) - producing milk (breast feeding) - heat production in cold environments

question

stored energy in the body

answer

- glycogen: primarily stored in the liver and muscle - 1400 kcal - glucose or lipid: primarily stored in the body fluids - 100 kcal - triglyceride: primarily stored in adipose tissue - 115,000 kcal - protein: primarily stored in muscle - 25,000 kcal - fat cells = adipocytes - adipocytes also increase in size to store more fat if necessary

question

Energy out: basal metabolism: 1. Basal energy expenditure (BEE) 2. basal metabolic rate (BMR)

answer

1. basal energy expenditure: - energy expended to maintain an awake, resting body that is not digesting food - BEE fuels: breathing, circulating blood, regulating body temperature, synthesizing tissues, removing waste products, sending nerve signals. 2. basal metabolic rate (BMR): - rate at which energy is expended to meet these basic functions often expressed in kilocalories per hour - affected by: body weight and height (lean body mass - nonfat body component), gender (higher for men than women), growth rate (higher during rapid growth), age (lower in older reflecting drop in lean body mass), fever and stress, fasting and constant malnutrition. - measuring basal metabolism: when measuring basal metabolism residual energy use from activity and digestion and absorption of nutrients is minimized (morning in warm room before subject rises and minimum of 12 hours without activity or food intake) - because of the restrictions in measuring BMR.

question

how excess body fat affects health

answer

- Having too much body fat increases a persons risk of developing a host of chronic health problms, including heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, gallbladder disease (increase in gallstone formation), arthritis, sleep disorder, respiratory problems, and certain cancers. - Heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

question

Energy out: RMR (resting metabolic rate)

answer

- measured when there have been 5-6 hours without food and exercise and tends to be 10-20% higher than BMR

question

energy out: REE (resting energy expenditure)

answer

measured and expressed as RNR: Rising Metabolic Rate

question

what is your BMI?

answer

- BMI = weight in kg/(height in m)2 - Healthy body weight is defined as BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 - Underweight = less than 18.5 kg/m2 - Overweight = 25-29.9kg/m2 - Obese = 30 kg/m2 or greater

question

physical activity

answer

- represents the metabolic cost of external work or muscular activity - includes energy needed for planned exercise as well as for activities of daily life. - includes energy for unintentional exercise (non-exercise activity thermogenesis or NEAT)

question

fasting vs. feasting

answer

- weight gain: energy in > energy out - weight loss: energy in < energy out

question

body hierarchy

answer

- when weight loss occurs, body energy stores are used. - when weight gain occurs, body energy stores are built.

question

energy out: TEF (thermic effect of food) or diet induced thermogenesis

answer

- includes the energy needed to digest food and to absorb, metabolize, store nutrients - larger meals result in a higher TEF - macronutrients don't similarly impact TEF - a general mixed meal = TEF ~10% of energy consumed: --- TEF for FAT = 2-3% of energy consumed --- TEF for CHO = 6-8% --- TEF for PRO = 15-30%

question

how is energy expenditure measured? 2. indirect calorimetry

answer

- because oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off as a result of the energy-using metabolic processes energy needs can be "indirectly" estimated by assessing these two gases. - during the test: subjects must breathe into a mouthpiece, mask, or ventilated hood - oxygen use and carbon dioxide production is measured

question

assessing body composition: - Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)

answer

- Based on resistance of flow of a low level of electricity, but is affected by the amount of water in the body so can be affected by many factors - food in the GI tract, exercise, age - Estimates body fat by directing a low energy electrical current htrough the body.

question

how is energy expenditure measured? 3. doubly-labeled water

answer

with this test: - an individual is given heavier isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen - the individual is not confined and carries no equipment - through calculations, the CO2 is produced and total energy expenditure can be estimated. - the particular component of energy expenditure (basal kcal needs, physical activity or thermic effect of food), cannot be determined but will be able to estimate total energy expenditure

question

DRI estimated energy requirement

answer

- an EER is the amount of energy predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy person in various categories. - it is important to know the person;s activity level to determine if its sedentary, low active, active, or very active - one may also keep a journal of activity for a couple of weeks and calculate the kcal consumed food lists

question

Body Mass Index: calculating BMI

answer

Calculating BMI: 1. Convert weight in lbs. to kg: Weight in lbs. divided by 2.2 = weight in kg. 2. Convert height in inches to cm: Height in inches x 2.54 = height in cm. 3. Convert height in cm to height in m: Height in cm / 100 = height in m. 4. Find height in meters squared 5. Divide weight in kg by height in meters squared = BMI

question

intensity of different activities

answer

- It is assumed that we spend about 2.5 hours per day in these types of activities: gardening (no lifting), watering plants, raking leaves, mowing the law, household tasks, loading/unloading the car, walking the dog - Moderate-intensity activities: Activities that expend about 210-420 kcal/hr. for a 154 lb. individuals: bicycling, dancing, yard work, golf, hiking, swimming, walking, water aerobics, weight lifting. - Vigorous intensity activities: Activities that expend more than 420 kcal/hr. for a 154 lb. person: aerobics, basketball, bicycling, climbing, jogging, jumping rope, swimming, tennis.

question

assessing body composition: - skinfold thickness

answer

- Skinfold thickness analysis: a skilled person measures the thickness of fat under the skin at several sites around the body. - It is less accurate in obese and elderly subjects

question

assessing body composition: - underwater weighing

answer

- Involves weighing a person out of water then under water. - Underwater weighing: Water is displaced by body mass. This difference is equivalent to body volume and the weight out of water over the volume is body density. - Use equations to calculate fat-free mass - Air displacement in a BOD POD is now used.

question

how to calculate EER

answer

1. Find your weight in kilograms and your height in meters - weight in kg = weight in pounds/2.2 lbs/kg - height in meters = height in inches/ 0.0254in/m 2. Estimate the amount of physical activity you get per day. Find the PA value for someone your age, gender, and activity level 3. Choose the appropriate EER prediction equation below and calculate your EER

question

Obese and muscular men

answer

both of these men have a BMI of 33, but only the obese man has excess body fat. The high body weight of the muscular man is due to his large muscle mass. The amount of body fat he has, and hence his disease risk, are low .

question

aging men

answer

With aging, lean body mass decreases; between the ages of 20 and 60, body fat typically doubles even if the body weight remains the same. This occurs regardless of energy intake. Some of this loss of lean body mass can be prevented by strength training

question

how location of body fat affects health risks: body composition

answer

- genetics can affect the amount of visceral fat. (african American men store less abdominal fat than what men of the same age). - after menopause, women become more like men - demonstrating effects of hormones - stress, tobacco use, alcohol consumption increase abdominal visceral fat but physical activity decreases visceral abdominal fat.

question

assessing body composition: - dilution methods

answer

A water-soluble isotope can be ingested or injected into the bloodstream nd allowed to mix with the water through the body. The diluted can be used to calculate the amount of lean tissue in the body, and body fat then can be calculated.

question

peptide hormones for short term

answer

- ghrelin (hunger hormone): produced by the cells in the stomach, increases appetite and food intake - cholecystokinin (CCK): produced by upper gut. suppresses food intake - peptide YY (PYY): produced by lower gut. suppresses food intake - glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1): produced by cells in the lower gut. May decrease food intake, may increase metabolic rate.

question

what determines body size and shape? - genes vs. environment

answer

- is there only one gene associated with body weight regulation? - family history and obesity - individuals with family history of obesity are 2-3 times more likely to become obese - many studies regarding gene vs. environment involved twins - based on study results (reference in text) - evidence that (75% of the variation in BMI is due to genes) (25% of the variation is due to environment) - if people who inherit genes that predispose them to being overweight carefully plan their food intake and exercise regularly, they can maintain a healthy weight. - is it possible for someone with no genetic tendency toward obesity to become overweight or obese? (yes, if they consume a high-calorie diet and get little exercise

question

assessing body composition: - radiologic methods

answer

- Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA): use low energy x-rays to determine bone, muscle, fat tissue. - Computed tomography (CT) scans are used to determine abdominal visceral fat.

question

how location of body fat affects health risks

answer

- people with too little fat don't have the energy reserves for illness - being too lean can lead to greater mortality than being normal weight - often times underweight is due to self-starvation as a result of having an eating disorder. - lean tissue or lean body mass or fat free mass: includes bones, muscle, liver, nerve: anything besides fat. - fat or adipose tissue: includes fat under the skin (subcutaneous fat) and around the internal organs (visceral fat). Visceral fat is found primarily in the abdominal area. - a healthy level of body fat to body weight for a young adult women is 21-32%. for a young adult male, it is 8-19%. - body fat increases with pregnancy. - as we age beyond ~40 years of age, we lose lean mass and gain body fat. - this may be prevented to some extent with strength training.

question

how food intake and body weight are regulated? - short term

answer

how food intake and body weight are regulated? - short term - regulating food intake from meal to meal. Influence how often and how much we eat in a given day. - The simplest type of signal about how much food has been eaten comes from local nerves in the walls of the stomach and small intestine that sense the volume or pressure of food and send a message to the brain to either start or stop eating. Once food is consumed, the presence of nutrients in the GI tract triggers the release of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that interact with the nervous system to affect hunger or satiety. - Once nutrients have been absorbed, circulating levels of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, ketones, and fatty acids) are monitored by the brain and may trigger signals to eat or not. - there are many types of peptide hormones that regulate food intake: ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1

question

conclusion

answer

- Overweight/obesity is a major nutrition-related public health crisis. - Food contains energy and the body uses this fuel to produce ATP which supports body functions. - Various methods are used to determine energy needs and body composition. - Body energy regulation is complicated and body weight set point is difficult to change

question

how food intake and body weight are regulated?

answer

what we eat and how much we exercise vary from day to day but body weight tends to remain relatively constant for long periods. - set point: resists weight change - satiety: the feeling of fullness and satisfaction

question

what food intake and body weight are regulated? - long term

answer

- regulating the amount of body fat. influence the weight management over months and years - short term regulators of energy balance affect the size and timing of individual meals, but if a change in food intake is sustained over a long period, it can affect long term energy balance, and hence, body weight and fatness. - regulating amounts of body fat - secrete by fat cells (leptin, adipopectin, leptin regulation, insulin)

question

why some people gain weight easily

answer

- inheriting a thrifty metabolism (survive well when food is scarce, but develop obesity when food is plentiful) - lack of adaptive thermogenesis, producing heat when overeat (changes in energy expenditure induced by factors such as food intake - i.e. starvation) - lack of futile cycling (metabolic process that wastes ATP - have less brown adipose tissue - a type of adipose tissue that keeps us warm when cold by generating heat - wasting energy. -- tissue contains more mitochondria than white adipose tissue -- mitochondria uncoupled form electron transport chain - energy lost as heat instead of used as ATP -- found in infants -- new evidence may also be present in adults in varying levels -- it may come down to lack of NEAT - lean people seem to fidget more and be more restless than overweight and obese people

question

types of fat cells:

answer

1. leptin 2. adipopectin 3. leptin regulation 4. insulin

question

types of fat cells: 1. leptin 2. adipopectin 3. leptin regulation 4. insulin

answer

1. leptin: increased when fat stores are increased, acts on the hypothalamus (interacts with many other peptides in the brain), production may be related to levels of circulating insulin, decreases food intake, increases energy expenditure 2. adipopection: increased when fat stores are decreased, stimulates food intake, increases insulin sensitivity, decreases sensitivity 3. leptin-regulation: better at preventing weight loss than preventing excessive weight gain. hormones produced by fat cells that is able to tell the brain the amount of fat stored. Some people don't make leptin or a functional receptor for leptin in the brain and both are obese. these inidivudals become normal weight with leptin treatment - however, most overweight and obese have plenty of leptin and are resistant to leptin. Leptin was once thought to be the magic bullet for obesity treatment 4. insulin: stimulates glucose uptake by cells. secreted by beta cells of the pancreas - resistance = type 2 diabetes - deficiency = type 1 diabetes

question

leptin:

answer

increased when fat stores are increased, acts on the hypothalamus (interacts with many other peptides in the brain), production may be related to levels of circulating insulin, decreases food intake, increases energy expenditure

question

2adipopection:

answer

increased when fat stores are decreased, stimulates food intake, increases insulin sensitivity, decreases sensitivity

question

leptin-regulation:

answer

better at preventing weight loss than preventing excessive weight gain. hormones produced by fat cells that is able to tell the brain the amount of fat stored. Some people don't make leptin or a functional receptor for leptin in the brain and both are obese. these inidivudals become normal weight with leptin treatment - however, most overweight and obese have plenty of leptin and are resistant to leptin. Leptin was once thought to be the magic bullet for obesity treatment

question

insulin:

answer

stimulates glucose uptake by cells. secreted by beta cells of the pancreas - resistance = type 2 diabetes - deficiency = type 1 diabetes

question

hormones play a role

answer

- ghrelin is a hunger hormone and is released primarily by the stomach - leptin is produced by white adipose tissue and signals to the brain how much body fat is present. - glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are released by the terminal ileum, and large intestine and are satiety hormones

question

hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety

answer

- hunger is the true physiological need to eat. internal cues that prompt us to eat. - appetite is desire to consume a specific food independent of hunger - satiation: refers to reduced hunger and faster termination of eating (foods that are readily overeaten are usually highly palatable and have high energy density - satiety: refers to a longer term feeling of fullness and satisfaction following the termination of a meal. it is used to measure motivational rating with participants indicating their levels or fullness or desire to eat at a given point in time.

question

the nervous system also plays a role in body weight regulation

answer

- command center = hypothalamus - plays a key role in integrating signals related to food intake, satiety, and adiposity.

question

bariatric surgery

answer

- many scientists have given up on lifestyle changes as solutions to the obesity crisis and have turned to pharmaceutical drugs and surgery. - however, there have not been any really effective and safe drug treatments - so scientist have been praising the effects of gastric bypass surgery

question

who should lose weight

answer

- first measure BMI and waist circumference - overweight: is there at least two obesity-related risk factors present? if not, weight loss isn't necessary. if yes, weight loss is recommended. - obese: BMI is greater than or equal to 30 - weight loss recommended. - guidelines for children and adolescents - pregnancy and lactation - older adults: reserve vs. effect of excess weight on ADLs/

question

set point theory of weight control

answer

- an individual's metabolism will adjust itself to maintain a weight at which it is comfortable - +/- 10% from the midpoint

question

bariatric surgery

answer

- Individuals who qualify for this type of procedure - Individuals in whom risk of dying from obesity and its complications is great - BMI > 40 - Sometimes recommended with BMIs of 35 - Each case individually evaluated - When people have tried other method and failed - Obesity severely limits quality of life - Success requires lifelong commitment including attention to diet and physical activity

question

weight loss goals and guidelines

answer

- goal: to reduce the health risks associated with overweight and obesity. - weight cycling - one pound = 3500 kcal - program to include: reduction of energy intake (role of nutrient density and changing eating patterns), increased physical activity (benefits/recommendations), behavior change

question

gastric bypass

answer

- Restricts the size of the stomach and bypasses part of the small intestine. Smaller stomach limits food intake, shorter intestine reduces absorption - higher risk of surgical procedure (more invasive)... higher cost - higher risk for post surgery complications (more malabsorption after procedure) - difficult to reverse - Supplements for life. - Significant weight loss is usually achieved 18-24 months after weight loss surgery conclusion

question

an ideal weight loss program

answer

- tips for losing weight and fat - watching your serving size - cut down on high kcalories foods

question

gastric sleeve

answer

- Removal of part of the stomach - Most common type of bariatric surgery performed in LA - Not reversible - Better long term results - Just restricts food intake, removal of part of the stomach (70-80%)

question

managing America's weight - calories

answer

- balance your intake and output (known your calorie needs and monitor what you eat, weigh yourself once a week, add extra exercise, count the calories in alcoholic beverages) - cut down on calories

question

gastric banding

answer

- Adjustable band around stomach (Least invasive, Less surgical risk and reversible (but return visits to MD for adjustment), Greater opportunity for weight re-gain (not as effective), some eat lots of small meals and gain the weight back) - Holds about 1 oz. this band can be tightened or loosened over time to change the size of the opening (Just restricts food intake)

question

managing America's weight - physical activites

answer

- don't get too hungry (eat breakfast, fill up on high-fiber foods, increase your serving of low-calorie vegetables, choose nutrient dense snacks) - increase activity (bike ride, bowling, take a walk, play tennis, increase the distance you walk) - behavior modification 1. Identify the antecedent: watching TV 2. Behavior: Recognize the behavior: overeating high-calorie snacks in front of the TV 3. Consequences: see them: guilt about overeating and weight gain 4. Modified behavior: take a small portion of a healthy snack with you to watch TV 5. Enjoy the new consequences: improved self-esteem and successful weight management. - losing weight and fat (lifestyle change hasn't worked too well for the majority of people. if one is dedicated to doing it right, lifestyle changes do work - reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure also lose the weight slowly)

question

weight loss drugs and supplements

answer

- indications for use: BMI > 30 or BMI greater than or = to 27 + obesity related risk factors or disease. - 2 basic types of weight loss medications: -- promote a decrease in food intake: (phentermine (Adipex = brand name) and amphetamine and phentermine (Onexa = brand name)) -- promote reduction of energy intake by reducing fat absorption (Orlistat (Xenical = brand name) and Alli (OTC version)) - it is easier to eat less when someone else decides what you're having and puts appropriate portions of that food in front of you. (expensive, no long term practicality, no teaching food-selection skills for long-term change)

question

suggestions for weight gain: evaluating weight loss programs - a healthy diet

answer

- variety of foods - reasonable weight loss of 0.5-2 pounds per week: 1200 kcal/day - physical activity, flexible, not costly supplements - promotes change in behavior. teaches new eating habits. provides social support

question

methods to reduce energy intake

answer

- food exchanges, prepared meals and drinks, very low calorie diets, low fat diets, low carb diets

question

suggestions for weight gain: evaluating weight loss programs - a fad diet

answer

- limits food selections, rapid weight loss, weight loss without the need to exercise - may require a rigid menu, purchase of special food, weight loss patches, expensive supplements - not recommended changes in activity and eating habits. provides no support - makes outlandish and unscientific claims, relies on testimonials

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