Chapter 7 Sociology Quiz – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
U.S. business organizations differ from those a century ago because today's organizations have a steeper pyramid shape. today's organizations have less flexibility. today's organizations use more competitive work teams. today's organizations grant less creative autonomy.
answer
today's organizations use more competitive work teams.
question
What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks? expressive leadership authoritarian leadership instrumental leadership democratic leadership
answer
instrumental leadership
question
Which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty? a reference group a social network an in-group an out-grou
answer
an in-group
question
Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion? Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others in specific reference groups. The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are. Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards. The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers' morale.
answer
Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves and make comparisons to others in specific reference groups.
question
According to Deborah Tannen, what traits make up a "female advantage"? There are more women than men graduating from college. Women are stricter managers. Women place greater emphasis on communication. White women are overrepresented in senior management positions.
answer
Women place greater emphasis on communication.
question
In general, we see a(n) _______ as a means to an end; we see a(n) _____ as an end in itself. primary group; secondary group crowd; category secondary group; primary group expressive group; instrumental group
answer
secondary group; primary group
question
A "triad" is a trial marriage. a temporary social group. a social group with three members. any pyramid-shaped organization.
answer
a social group with three members.
question
The concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to society becoming more filled with red tape and inefficiency. the spread of McDonald's restaurants around the world. the less and less predictable nature of today's society. McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.
answer
McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.
question
You are part of a task force with a group leader who has a distant relationship with the group members and who is concerned with getting the job done. Which type of leader does your task force have? an instrumental leader a democratic leader a laissez-fair group leader an expressive leader
answer
an instrumental leader
question
One characteristic of secondary groups is strong emotional ties between members. their small size. weak emotional ties between members. their long-term duration.
answer
weak emotional ties between members.
question
Max Weber argued that formal organizations were efficient, but he cautioned that they can have harmful effects on people. As he saw it, what is the danger? Organizations create conflict among workers. Organizations create alienation. Organizations create conformity. Organizations create social inequality.
answer
Organizations create alienation.
question
Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals. the ability to withstand pain varies with cultural background. that ordinary people are surprisingly independent in their judgments. people become angry when others disagree with them.
answer
people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.
question
Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as an instrumental group. an expressive group. a primary group. a secondary group.
answer
a primary group.
question
What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity? reference group consciousness in-group thinking groupthink tunnel vision
answer
groupthink
question
The scientific management approach was developed by Robert Michels. Frederick Taylor. Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Robert Merton.
answer
Frederick Taylor.
question
What is the correct sociological term for all people with a common status, such as "college students"? a group a category a crowd a network
answer
a category
question
A social group with only two members is called a bond. primary group. triad. dyad.
answer
dyad.
question
Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told? democratic leadership expressive leadership authoritarian leadership laissez-faire leadership
answer
authoritarian leadership
question
In general, the largest social networks include people who are older and working class. young and living in cities. living in rural areas. unfamiliar with formal organizations.
answer
unfamiliar with formal organizations.
question
Which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens? authoritarian leader democratic leader expressive leader laissez-faire leader
answer
democratic leader
question
A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a group. crowd. population. category.
answer
crowd.
question
Which sociological concept refers to a number of weak social ties among people who have little common identity and little interaction? triad dyad network primary group
answer
network
question
The emergency room clerk who keeps a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is a classic example of bureaucratic ritualism. innovation. inertia. alienation.
answer
ritualism.
question
During the last fifty years, Japanese formal organizations have differed from those in the United States by being less profitable. less efficient. more hierarchical. more collective in their orientation.
answer
more collective in their orientation.
question
Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association"? normative organizations utilitarian organizations coercive organizations All of these are correct.
answer
normative organizations
