Chapter 7 practice quiz – Flashcards
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The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication, is called
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language
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Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of
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phonemes
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What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?
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phonemes
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What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?
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morpheme
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What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?
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semantics
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Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating
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prelinguistic communication
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If a baby is making speech-like but meaningless sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called
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babbling
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A baby's first words usually come in the form of ___________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.
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holophrases
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Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of
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holophrases
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By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.
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telegraphic
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Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. This is an example of
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underextension
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The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called
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underextension
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When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents, she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks. This is an example of _________ speech.
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overextension
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What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning?
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overextension
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What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?
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syntax
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By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.
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14,000
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What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?
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fast mapping
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What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?
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grammar
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At approximately what age can a child follow the principles of grammar most of the time?
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3 years
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When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of
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pragmatics
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When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of
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pragmatics
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When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called
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private speech
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What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?
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social speech
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Before the age of 3, most children are unable to demonstrate __________ speech.
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social
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What is the term for an understanding of one's own use of language?
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metalinguistic awareness
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Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Will's behavior, and this is an example of
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the learning theory approach
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What is the term for a theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?
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the learning theory approach
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Which researcher developed the "nativist approach" and the concept of "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?
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Chomsky
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What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate mechanism directs language development?
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the nativist approach
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The concept that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________.
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Chomsky; universal grammar
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What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?
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language-acquisition device (LAD)
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Which of Chomsky's concepts relates to how the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language?
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language-acquisition device
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Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
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interactionist perspective
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The __________________ states that language shapes and may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive the world.
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linguistic-relativity hypothesis
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Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?
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infant-directed speech
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Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and come across the room to her. Rebecca uses a short phrase such as "Come to Mommy" to prompt her baby. This is an example of
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infant-directed speech
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By age 4, children in families receiving welfare assistance were likely to have been exposed to ___________ words than children living with professionals and/or affluent families.
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13 million fever
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When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called
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bilingual education
