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Learning

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is a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behavior or capabilities. We measure this by changes in performance.

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habitual learning

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is the simplest learning process. involves a change in behavior that results from repeated exposure to a stimulus.

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classical conditioning

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occurs when two stimuli become associated with one another, such that one now triggers a response from the other. Eating chicken noodle soup and vomiting. I associate the smell of chicken noodle soup with vomiting. The stimulus triggers a feeling of queasiness

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operant conditioning

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organisms learn to associate their responses with specific consequences.

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observational learning

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where observers imitate the behavior of a model. Ex. I see someone acting like a buffoon but getting attention and I, wanting attention, act like a monkey in hopes of gaining it.

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personal adaptation

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it is the main focus of learning. It focuses on how an organisms behavior changes over time in response to environmental stimuli encountered during its lifetime.

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habituation

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a decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus.

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Acquisition

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refers to the period during which a response is being learned.

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unconditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response without prior learning. Ex. The food in pavlovs experiment. Dogs will naturally salivate when they smell food.

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unconditioned response

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a reflexive or innate response elicited by a stimulus without prior learning

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conditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that through association with a ucs comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original ucr.

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exposure therapies

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a patient is exposed to a stimulus(cs) that arouses an anxiety response without the presence of the ucs allowing extinction to occur.

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desensitization

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the patient learns muscle relaxation techniques and is then gradually exposed to the fear provoking stimulus.

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flooding

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immediately exposes the patient to the fear provoking stimulus.

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aversion therapy

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attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior by pairing it with a noxious UCS. 1

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anticipatory nausea/vomiting

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when cancer patients start to feel nauseated or vomit right before a chemo treatment. Classically conditioned response. NS=needles, hospital beds become associated with the treatment (UCS) which then trigger the vomiting.

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elicited responses

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these are automatically triggered by some stimulus. This type of response helps explain why dogs sit on command, how we learn to drive a car and make friends (acts which can't be explained with classical conditioning).

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law of effect

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brought about by Thorndike. Stated that in a given situation a response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur and a response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur.

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operant behavior

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a term coined by skinner. Stated that an organism operates on its environment.

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Skinner Box

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a special chamber used to study operant conditioning experimentally.

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reinforcement

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a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it.

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punishment

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occurs when a response is weakened by outcomes that follow it.

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antecedents, behaviors and consequences

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Skinner came up with three events that form a three part contingency. What are the three events?

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antecedent

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this is the first event in skinners three part thing. these are stimuli that are present before the behavior occurs.

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behaviors

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the second part to skinners thing. are things that organisms emit.

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consequences

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third part to skinners thing. event that follows behavior.

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contingency

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the relation between the behavior and the consequence.

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elicited behaviors

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classical conditioning deals with this type of behavior.

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emitted behaviors

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operant conditioning focuses on this type of behavior. Ex. organism generates responses that are under its physical control.

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CS-UCS

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in classical conditioning the patient learns via this type of pairing.

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Classical Conditioning

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in this type of conditioning the CS comes before the CR

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Operant conditioning

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in this type of conditioning the reinforcing or punishing consequences occur after a response is made.

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primary reinforcers

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are stimuli such as water and food that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

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secondary reinforcers

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are stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers. Money is a conditioned reinforcer.

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Operant Extinction

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is weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

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positive punishment

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spanking a kid is an example. Decreases the behavior.

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positive reinforcer

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causes the act to increase. Yelling at a kid might reinforce the child to "bang his head more frequently."

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punishment by removal

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a response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus. Ex. A timeout

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chaining

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is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response.

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operant generalization

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an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one. We learn by burning our finger on a burner. Not only that one burner will burn you but all other burners will as well.

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operant discrimination

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an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.

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stimulus control

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Behavior is influenced by the stimulus. Ex. the presence of a police car

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schedules of reinforcement

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are patterns that have strong and predictable effects on learning, extinction and performance.

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partial reinforcement

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only a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced.

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ratio schedules

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type of partial reinforcement, a certain percentage of responses

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interval schedules

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type of partial reinforcement, a certain amout of time must elapse between reinforcements regardless of how many responses might occur during that interval.

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fixed schedule

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reinforcement always occurs after a fixed number of responses or after a fixed time interval.

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fixed-ratio schedule

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reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses.

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variable ratio schedule

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reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses, all centered around an average. Giving rewards on intervals of five. Produce a high level of response. Ex gambling

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fixed interval schedule

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the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced. Giving a treat every three minutes

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variable interval schedule

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reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval, centered around an average. Produces a steadier response rate. Ex. possibility of a pop quiz will force students to always be prepared if they want to do well in a class.

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escape conditioning

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the organism learns a response to terminate an aversive stimulus.

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avoidance conditioning

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the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus.

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two-factor theory of avoidance learning

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both classical and operant conditioning are involved in avoidance learning. Helps explain how many avoidance behaviors develop but it has trouble explaining some aspects of avoidance such as why people and animals develop phobias.

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token economics

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in which desirable behaviors are quickly reinforced with tokens( eg stickers and gold medals) that are later turned into tangible rewards. Ex. Open pit miners.

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applied behavior analysis

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this type of analysis combines a behavioral approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems. Design and implement a program that will change behavior and then they measure the results.

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behavior modification

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these procedures that are used to change behavior are collectively known as?

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Preparedness

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means that through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily that others. Behaviors that are related to survival are learned more easily.

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conditioned taste aversion

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a conditioned response in which the taste or smell of a particular food becomes disgusting and repulsive.

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instinctive drift

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the tendency for a conditioned response to drift back toward instinctive behavior.

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stimulus-response psychology

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an opinion held by early behaviorists that learning involves the relatively automatic formation of bonds between stimuli and responses.

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insight

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the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem. Term came about as a result of Kohler and his apes

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cognitive map

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a term developed by Tolman. This described a mental representation of the spatial layout.

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expectancy model

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this model states that the most important factor in classical conditioning is not how often the CS and the UCS are paired but how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.

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latent learning

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this refers to learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later when there is an incentive to perform.

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modeling

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humans' capacity to learn by observation. Helps us avoid the trial and error process.

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social-cognitive theory

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theory that was developed by Bandura. It emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives.

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4 Steps

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how many steps are in banduras' modeling process?

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Attention

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1st step in BP. States that first we must pay attention to the model's behavior.

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Retention

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2nd step in BP. Second we must retain that information in memory so that it can be recalled when needed.

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Reproduction

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3rd step in BP. Thirdly, we must be physically capable of reproducing the model's behavior or something similar to it.

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Motivation

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4th step. Fourthly, we must be motivated to display the behavior.

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self-efficacy

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people's belief that they have the capability to perform behaviors that will produce a desired outcome. Plays a key role in self learning.

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