question

An explicit memory is memory of specific information.

answer

True

question

Implicit memory is memory of generic information.

answer

False

question

Kind of memory that consists of specific events

answer

episodic memory

question

Explain what flashbulb memories are.

answer

Flashbulb memory is a type of episodic memory in which events are remembered in great detail like a photograph. The distinctness and meaning of the memory will create the flashbulb memory.

question

The process by which we recall experiences, information, and skills is known as _________ .

answer

memory

question

Once people learn to ride a bicycle, they will probably never forget how.

answer

True

question

________memories are examples of episodic memories that are recalled in great detail.

answer

Flashbulb

question

Kind of memory that consists of the skills that people have learned

answer

implicit memory

question

Most of what you have learned in school has become part of your semantic memory.

answer

True

question

_________ memory consists of general knowledge.

answer

Semantic

question

Examples of episodic memory include everything EXCEPT which of the following? a. The capitals of all fifty states. c. Your first date. b. What you ate for dinner. d. Lunch with friends.

answer

A

question

Which type of memory is the general knowledge that people remember, like the language they use and the things they see every day? a. episodic memory c. semantic memory b. sensory memory d. implicit memory

answer

C

question

Recalling a vision of exactly what you were doing during a national tragedy is an example of _____. a. semantic memory c. explicit memory b. flashbulb memory d. implicit memory

answer

B

question

Just like episodic memory we remember the specific point in time when we acquired specific information in our semantic memory.

answer

False

question

Explicit memories are a category of memories that include recalling facts about events and also learned facts; like that an apple is a fruit. All of the following kinds of memory fall into the category of explicit memory, EXCEPT which one? a. episodic memory c. semantic memory b. flashbulb memory d. implicit memory

answer

D

question

Memory can be classified in three general informational areas: a. places, time periods, and historical information. b. events, general knowledge, and skills. c. semantic, organizational, and elaborate. d. sensory, tasks, and skills.

answer

B

question

Skipping rope, typing, and driving a car are all examples of _____. a. implicit memory. c. semantic memory. b. explicit memory. d. general knowledge memory.

answer

A

question

The skills needed for riding a bicycle are stored as _____, because they are learned by doing them and are more easily done than explained. a. implicit memories c. semantic memories b. episodic memories d. echoic memories

answer

A

question

Examples of episodic and flashbulb memory include everything except which of the following? a. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. b. The birth of a child. c. The assassination of John F. Kennedy. d. How to make your favorite meal.

answer

D

question

Why are flashbulb memories so vivid? a. They recall events with special meanings as they were actually seen in person. b. They are not recalled very often. c. They involve learning skills that are never forgotten. d. They are the procedures we use every day.

answer

A

question

__________ is the memory process that allows people to locate stored information and return it to conscious thought.

answer

Retrieval

question

The maintenance of encoded information over a period of time. a. storage c. visual code b. rehearsal d. encoding

answer

A

question

The memory process by which we maintain encoded information over a period of time is called _________ .

answer

storage

question

Describe the three ways that people encode information.

answer

Memories are encoded using visual codes, acoustic codes, and semantic codes. Visual codes encode memories as mental pictures. Acoustic codes encode the information as a sequence of sounds. Semantic codes encode information in terms of its meaning.

question

Information stored as a(n)___________ code is stored according to its meaning.

answer

semantic

question

Explain how memories are retrieved. Describe how context-dependent and state-dependent memories are retrieved. Explain how memory retrieval can be disrupted.

answer

Memories are retrieved by locating stored information and then returning it to conscious thought. To retrieve memories, our brains recall the name of files and the proper procedures to open them. The method or procedure used to retrieve a memory depends on how that memory is encoded—as a visual, acoustic, or semantic code. To retrieve a context-dependent memory, a person needs to return to the physical place or recreate the situation in which the memories were encoded and stored. State-dependent memories are retrieved by recreating the mood in which the memories were encoded and stored. Memory retrieval can be disrupted in several ways. Disorganized or incomplete memories can lead to the "tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon" in which a person seems to remember something but cannot put it into words. If a memory had been put in the wrong "file" or labeled incorrectly, it may be difficult to recall. Some memories are lost through normal decay. Memory retrieval can be even more severely disrupted when a person suffers from amnesia or represses painful memories.

question

__________ is the memory process that translates information into a form in which it can be stored.

answer

Encoding

question

____________ is a situation where you know what a word is and you think you can just say it, but you can't quite remember it at the moment.

answer

Tip-of-the-tongue

question

The translation of information into a form that can be stored. a. storage c. encoding b. retrieval d. rehearsal

answer

C

question

Making sense of something by applying a meaning is an encoding process referred to as a. acoustic codes. c. visual codes. b. substance codes. d. semantic codes.

answer

D

question

Method of repeating information over and over to keep from forgetting it

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

Acoustic codes can help to a. retrieve information. c. maintain information. b. encode information. d. store information.

answer

B

question

Finding it easier to retrieve certain memories when you are in the same emotional state as when the memory was created is an example of a. elaborative rehearsal. c. context-dependent memory. b. state-dependent memory. d. tip-of-the-tongue.

answer

B

question

A visual code helps a person remember a fact by a. storing the fact as a sequence of sounds. b. representing the fact by its meaning. c. pairing it with another fact. d. creating a mental picture.

answer

D

question

Storing information into similar groups or categories. a. organizational systems c. maintenance rehearsal b. state-dependent memories d. semantic coding

answer

A

question

Which memory process is easier if a person is in the same physical location as when the memory was created? a. storage c. encoding b. retrieval d. iconic

answer

B

question

Method of remembering information by relating it to information already known

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

Computers and people both handle information using the processes of a. implicit, semantic, and episodic memories. b. maintenance and elaborative rehearsals. c. sensory, short-term, and long-term memories. d. encoding, storage, and retrieval.

answer

D

question

Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting is called a. elaborative rehearsal. c. semantic coding. b. maintenance rehearsal. d. systemic coding

answer

B

question

Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought. a. encoding c. processing b. rehearsal d. retrieval

answer

D

question

The first item in a series is more easily remembered because of the ________ effect.

answer

primacy

question

Long-term memory has unlimited capacity.

answer

True

question

_______ memory is a type of sensory register that holds visual memories.

answer

Iconic

question

Memories tend to be accurate, even when recalled after the passage of time.

answer

False

question

What we give our attention to is what we will remember.

answer

True

question

Are icons or echoes easier to remember? Why?

answer

Echoes, or mental traces of sounds, are easier to remember than icons, or mental pictures. This is true because echoes can be held in sensory registers for several seconds, while icons are only held for a fraction of a second.

question

When memory is recalled it is temporarily stored in sensory memory.

answer

False

question

How are memories organized in the brain?

answer

Memories are organized in the brain in separate files. Information from one subject is filed together. As we learn more information, the files become more complicated. Files are organized into groups, or classes, based on common features.

question

What is the function of short-term memory?

answer

Short-term memory receives and briefly stores information received through sensory memory. It then transfers information for longer-term storage in long-term memory. Short-term memory is used whenever a person thinks about something.

question

Working memory is another name for _________ memory.

answer

short-term

question

The use of ___ will help transfer memories into long-term memory through repetition. a. eidetic memory c. elaborative rehearsal b. echoic memory d. maintenance rehearsal

answer

D

question

Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time

answer

eidetic imagery

question

Memory reconstruction states that our memories will be ___ over time. a. more accurate c. more vivid b. less accurate d. less vivid

answer

B

question

This is also referred to as "working memory." a. short-term memory c. long-term memory b. sensory memory d. schemas

answer

A

question

When a stored memory is recalled, it passes from the _____ for use. a. sensory memory to the short-term memory. b. long-term memory to the short-term memory. c. short-term memory to the brain. d. long-term memory to the sensory memory.

answer

B

question

An eyewitness' memory of a crime being distorted over time is called _____. a. returning to the scene of the crime. b. schemas c. memory as reconstructive d. all of the above.

answer

C

question

Brief memory storage that results from exposure to stimulus. a. short-term memory c. eidetic memory b. sensory memory d. echoic memory

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between primacy effect and recency effect? a. The primacy effect occurs in long-term memory and the recency effect occurs in short-term memory c. The primacy effect occurs when recalling initial items in a series and the recency effect occurs when recalling the last items in a series b. The primacy effect occurs when attempting to remember enjoyable tasks or hobbies while the recency effect occurs when attempting to remember work tasks or duties d. The primacy effect occurs when attempting to remember less than seven items in a series and the recency effect occurs when attempting to remember more than seven items in a series

answer

C

question

What are mental pictures of visual stimuli called? a. eidetic memory c. iconic memory b. flashbulb memory d. photographic memory

answer

C

question

In order to remember information for a long period of time, facts must be a. stored as echoes. b. stored as icons. c. transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. d. moved from short-term memory to sensory memory.

answer

C

question

We can usually relearn something fairly quickly that we once knew but have forgotten.

answer

True

question

Memory loss from trauma that prevents a person from forming new memories

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

Memory loss of the events leading up to a traumatic event

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

Describe five strategies for improving memory. Give examples of how each of these strategies can be used to study for this test.

answer

Note: Student examples may vary. Memory can be improved through simple strategies. Drill and practice, or repetition, transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory, and then to long-term memory. To study for this test, a student can drill and practice the material by creating flash cards with the chapter's key terms and their definitions. Another memory strategy relates new information to something already known. Students can use this strategy to think of examples from their own lives that illustrate the key concepts in the chapter. Memory can also be improved by associating new information with something unusual. For example, a student could picture a monster with three heads. Each head would be labeled with the chapter's "three threes." Creating links between one piece of information and another can also improve memory. Students can understand and memorize a difficult term by linking it to a familiar sentence or object. For example, "episodic memory" can be linked to episodes of a television show. Another memory strategy is to create mnemonic devices. Students can create a phrase, such as "I ENjoy STORing REcords" to remember the three memory processes. Submitted

question

To recall memory is to reconstruct it in your mind.

answer

True

question

________amnesia is the loss of memories of events that occurred before the age of three.

answer

Infantile

question

Acronyms, phrase, or jingle that helps in remembering information

answer

mnemonic device

question

Disturbing memories may be pushed out of the conscious mind in the process of ________ .

answer

repression

question

Forgetting where you put the car keys is a function of repression.

answer

False

question

It is impossible to improve one's ability to remember.

answer

F

question

Forgetting something on purpose because it is painful or unpleasant. a. decay c. retrograde amnesia b. repression d. anterograde amnesia

answer

B

question

Learning material in order to recall it from memory. a. awareness c. recalling b. relearning d. recognition

answer

B

question

Fading away or loss of memory over time is an example of a. repression. c. memory interruption. b. forgetting. d. decay.

answer

D

question

Forgetting early events in life is an example of a. retrograde amnesia. c. repression. b. anterograde amnesia. d. infantile amnesia.

answer

D

question

Repression is a conscious effort to forget a. painful and unpleasant memories. c. illness. b. a head injury. d. all of the above.

answer

A

question

Relating new information to something already known helps a person remember the new facts by a. creating an echoic memory. b. creating an iconic memory. c. making personal connections. d. using a mnemonic device.

answer

C

question

The opposite of memory. a. recalling c. relearning b. forgetting d. recognition

answer

B

question

Forming unusual connections is a memory tool because it a. is a from of elaborative rehearsal. b. requires deeper thought to create the association. c. will make it stand out from ordinary things. d. will construct a link to something meaningful.

answer

C

question

Forgetting occurs at a. the sensory memory stage. c. the long-term memory stage. b. the short-term memory stage. d. any of the 3 stages of memory.

answer

D

question

Using an acronym to remember a list of words is an example of which type of memory tool? a. relating to things you already know c. constructing links b. forming an unusual association d. a mnemonic device

answer

D

question

The average person can hold in short-term memory a list of a. five items. c. eight items. b. seven items. d. nine items.

answer

B

question

Information in short-term memory lasts for a. several seconds. c. several hours. b. several minutes. d. several days.

answer

A

question

Elaborative rehearsal is one way to attach meaning to a piece of new information and link it to already stored information in what is known as the _____. a. encoding process. c. storage process. b. retrieval process.

answer

C

question

Which type of memory is the general knowledge that people remember, like the language they use and the things they see every day? a. episodic memory c. semantic memory b. sensory memory d. implicit memory

answer

C

Chapter 7 : Memory – Flashcards

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