Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The term "social control" refers to
answer
techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
question
Sanctions" are defined as
answer
penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
question
Since 1976, more than __________ people in the U.S. have been executed by individual states.
answer
1100
question
Jennifer is attending a business luncheon with several corporate executives. At one point during the meal, she reaches in front of another executive for a saltshaker and hits the executive's arm as he is about to put a spoonful of soup in his mouth. The soup spills on his shirt, and he glares at Jennifer. The glare is an example of a (an)
answer
informal sanction
question
Being arrested for murder would be an example of a (an)
answer
formal sanction
question
Clyde is arrested for "tagging," or "visual terrorism." The arrest is an example of a (an)
answer
formal sanction
question
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior?
answer
conformity
question
Obedience refers to
answer
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
question
The managing editor of a newspaper, acting on an order from the publisher, fires three editors, one of whom is an old friend. This is an example of
answer
obedience
question
According to a study by Stanley Milgram, individuals will
answer
obey the commands of people viewed as legitimate authority figures, even if the behavior may harm another individual.
question
Which of the following examined obedience by conducting an experiment that required subjects to administer "painful" shocks to subjects in an analysis of "learning?"
answer
Stanley Milgram
question
Social control carried out casually by people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule is known as
answer
informal social control.
question
What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to recipients?
answer
spanking
question
Social control carried out by authorized agents—such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers—is called
answer
formal social control.
question
A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee's action is an example of
answer
formal social control
question
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an authoritarian government?
answer
conflict perspective
question
Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms?
answer
control theory
question
Control theory states that we
answer
are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society.
question
Which sociologist is responsible for creating control theory?
answer
Travis Hirschi
question
Deviance is behavior that
answer
violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
question
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex-offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
The contemporary study of possible genetic roots of criminality is but one aspect of the larger debate over
answer
sociobiology.
question
Which of the following connections to criminality is commonly rejected by sociologists?
answer
genetic roots
question
Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior." This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
In Émile Durkheim's view
answer
the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability.
question
Which sociologist noted that punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and contribute to societal stability?
answer
Émile Durkheim
question
Which sociologist illustrated the boundary-maintenance function of deviance by examining the Puritans of seventeenth-century New England?
answer
Kai Erikson
question
Which term is used in the sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
answer
anomie
question
Which functionalist sociologist developed a theory of deviance that suggests that members of a society may conform or deviate from the culturally prescribed goals and the means of attaining those goals?
answer
Robert Merton
question
The most common adaptation in Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance is
answer
conformity.
question
In his anomie theory of deviance, Robert Merton
answer
described five types of deviance.
question
According to Robert Merton, an innovator is an individual who has
answer
accepted the goals of society, but pursues them with means regarded as improper.
question
In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as
answer
ritualists.
question
According to Robert Merton, a retreatist is an individual who has
answer
withdrawn from the goals and means of society
question
An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance? Answer
answer
anomie theory of deviance
question
Arnold gets an "A" on his organic chemistry exam because he copies most of his answers from Stanley, the "class brain" who is sitting next to him. According to Merton's anomie theory of deviance, Arnold would be classified as a (an)v
answer
innovator.
question
An employee at a welfare office is so concerned with paperwork that he doesn't have time to administer to the needs of the poor, hungry, and homeless individuals who seek assistance. According to Merton's theory, this welfare worker would be a (an)
answer
ritualist.
question
According to Robert Merton, members of revolutionary political organizations such as the Irish Republican Army would typically be classified as
answer
rebels
question
Which sociological perspective's approach to deviance focuses on why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others?
answer
cultural transmission
question
Which sociologist used the term "differential association" to describe the process by which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules?
answer
Edwin Sutherland
question
Monica, a new student at Valley High School, becomes friends with a group of teenagers who use marijuana and remain seated during the singing of the National Anthem. Although Monica had never used marijuana and used to sing the Anthem, she begins to engage in the same behavior as her new friends. This is an example of
answer
differential association
question
Which sociologist constructed an experiment utilizing an abandoned car in two different neighborhoods in order to demonstrate the power of communal relationships?
answer
Philip Zimbardo
question
Which theory attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions?
answer
social disorganization theory
question
Which sociologist examined two groups of high school males—the Saints and the Roughnecks—and concluded that social class standing was important in the labeling process?
answer
William Chambliss
question
In his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks, William Chambliss concluded that a key factor in the varying fortunes of the two groups was their differing
answer
social class standing.
question
The societal-reaction approach is also known as
answer
labeling theory.
question
A sociologist studies how a teacher's attitudes toward particular students affects students' performance. Students of similar abilities who are "teacher's pets" perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as "troublemakers" perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance?
answer
labeling theory
question
Which of the following individuals would most likely be the focus of labeling theorists who are researching the power of some individuals or groups to define labels
answer
regulators of social control
question
Which sociologist created an interactionist/conflict explanation of deviance that emphasizes that the response to an act—not the behavior—determines deviance?
answer
Howard Becker
question
The social constructionist perspective is most closely affiliated with which other sociological explanation of deviance
answer
labeling theory
question
Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality?
answer
Richard Quinney
question
A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is
answer
White and non-Hispanic.
question
Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African-American offenders?
answer
conflict perspective
question
Feminist sociologists contend that the so-called victimless crime of prostitution, as well as the more disturbing aspects of pornography
answer
reinforce the misconception that women can be treated as "toys."
question
A professional criminal is
answer
a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
question
An important aspect of a professional criminal's work is
answer
developing technical skills.
question
The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in the smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other illegal activities is called
answer
organized crime.
question
ethnic succession,"
answer
the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another.
question
Which sociologist coined the term "ethnic succession?"
answer
Daniel Bell
question
In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of
answer
ethnic succession
question
What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities?
answer
white-collar crimes
question
Crime that occurs across multiple national borders is known as
answer
transnational crime.
question
Which perspective would look to the disproportionate economic and lobbying power wielded by groups such as the National Rifle Association in the debate over gun violence in U.S. society?
answer
interactionist
