Chapter 7 – Microbiology Flashcard
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| nutrient that must be provided |
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| essential nutrient |
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| nutrient that must be supplied in large amounts |
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| macronutrient |
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| nutrient only needed in small amount |
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| micronutrient |
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| nutrient that lacks carbon and hydrogen |
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| inorganic nutrient |
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| nutrient that contains carbon and hydrogen |
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| organic nutrient |
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| __% of all elements present in a cell are CHONPS |
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| 96 |
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| __% of all chemical components are organic |
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| 97 |
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| What are the first and second most prevalent chemical components in a cell? |
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| water and protein |
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| do not rely on other living organisms |
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| autotrophs |
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| primary energy source is sunlight |
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| photo- autotroph or heterotroph |
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| primary energy source is a chemical compound |
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| chemo- autotroph or heterotroph |
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| use inorganic substances for energy |
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| autotrophs |
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| use organic substances for energy |
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| heterotrophs |
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| example of photoautotroph |
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| algae, plants, cyanobacteria |
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| example of chemoautotroph |
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| some bacteria |
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| example of photoheterotroph |
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| purple and green bacteria |
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| example of chemoheterotroph |
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| protozoa, fungi, animals, many bacteria |
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| organic source of carbon |
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| any organic molecule (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) |
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| inorganic source of carbon |
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| CO2 |
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| organic source of hydrogen |
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| any organic molecule |
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| inorganic source of hydrogen |
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| water, salts, gases |
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| organic source of oxygen |
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| carbs, lipids, nucleic acid, proteins |
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| inorganic source of oxygen |
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| some salts, water, gases |
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| organic source of nitrogen |
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| proteins, nucleic acids |
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| inorganic source of nitrogen |
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| N2, NO3-, NO2-, NH3, must be converted to NH3 to be utilized |
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| organic source of phosphorous |
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| nucelic acids, ATP, phospholipids, some proteins, NAD+ |
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| inorganic source of phosphorous |
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| H3PO4 |
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| organic source of sulfur |
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| proteins (methionine and cytesine) |
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| inorganic source of sulfur |
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| SO3 and H2S |
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| where calcium is used |
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| cell walls and endospores |
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| where magnesium is used |
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| chlorophyll, membranes, ribosomes |
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| where iron is used |
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| respiratory proteins |
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| where zinc is used |
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| gene expression proteins |
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| CHONPS |
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| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
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| Other essential nutrients outside CHONPS |
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| potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper |
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| what is diffusion the result of? |
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| random motion of particles and their collisions with one another in space |
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| no barrier to disturb the random movement of molecules |
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| simple diffusion |
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| molecules move across a membrane, down a concentration gradient, with the help of a carrier protein |
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| facilitated diffusion |
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| molecules move across a membrane, up or down a concentration gradient, with the help of a carrier protein and energy expenditure |
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| active diffusion |
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| 3 types of active diffusion |
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| carrier mediated, group translocation, endocytosis |
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| ideal solute state of a cell |
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| hypotonic |
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| solute concentration is lower on the outside of the cell |
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| hypotonic |
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| solute concentration is lower on the inside of the cell |
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| hypertonic |
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| what is optimum temperature decided by? |
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| the range that promotes fastest growth and metabolism |
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| uses oxygen during metabolism and can process toxic oxygen and byproducts |
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| aerobe |
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| cannot grow without oxygen |
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| obligate aerobe |
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| does not require oxygen to grow, but favors it |
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| facultative anaerobe |
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| cannot grow in normal atmospheric concentrations of O2, but does need small amounts for metabolism |
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| microaerophile |
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| lacks ability to utilize O2 during metabolism |
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| anaerobe |
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| lacks ability to process toxic oxygen byproducts |
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| obligate anaerobe |
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| does not utilize O2 but can grow in the presence of O2 because it can process toxic O2 byproducts |
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| aerotolerant anaerobe |
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| most microbes live between the pH of __ and __ |
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| 6 and 8 |
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| all microbes require some ___ for metabolism |
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| CO2 |
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| relationship is necessary and mutually beneficial |
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| mutualism |
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| one oragnism benefits while the other is neither benefited nor harmed |
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| commensalism |
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| both organisms benefit, but it is not necessary for either organism's survival |
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| synergism |
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| organisms live together in a close relationship |
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| symbiosis |
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| one organism recieves nutrients from and at the expense of the other |
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| parasitism |
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| organisms living together compete for nutrients |
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| antagonism |
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| way most bacteria divide |
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| binary fission |
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| time it takes to go from a single cell to two daughter cells |
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| generation/doubling time |
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| eqution for microbial growth population |
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| Nf=(Ni)2^n |
