CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System STUDY GUIDE! – Flashcards
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What are the 5 functions of the Skeletal system?
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Support, Protection, Movement, storage, and hematopiesis.
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How many types of bones are there?
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4
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What are the four major types of bones?
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Long, Short, Flat, and irregular
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What are the structures of long bones?
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1.Diaphysis 2.Medullary Cavity 3.Epiphyses 4.Articular cartilage 5.Periosteum 6.Endosteum
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Diaphysis is
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shaft; a hollow tube, made of hard compact bone. Permits easy movement.
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Medullary Cavity is
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Hollow area inside the Diaphysis that contains yellow marrow.
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Epiphyses is
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ends of the bones. Red bone marrow fills the spongy bone composing epiphyses.
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Articular cartilage is
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a thin layer of cartilage covering the epiphyses
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Periosteum is
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a strong fibrous membrane covering long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces.
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Endosteum is
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a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
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What are the two major types of connective tissues the skeletal system contains
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bone and cartilage
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Trabeculae
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Needlelike threads of spongy bone
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Compact
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Dense bone tissue
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Spongy
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Ends of long bones
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Periosteum
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Outer covering of the bone
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Cartilage
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Fibers embedded in a firm gel.
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Osteocytes
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Bone cells
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Canaliculi
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connect lacunae
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Lamellae
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Ring of bone
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Chondrocytes
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Cartilage cells
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Haversian system
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structural unit of compact bone
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osteon
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calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers that resemble an onion
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Lacunae
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Hard layers of lamellae in little spaces
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Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the ______ ______ through the canaliculi to the osteocytes.
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Central canal
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Osteoblast are
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Bone forming cells
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Osteoclast are
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Bone-reabsorbing cells
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The combined action of the osteoblast and the osteoclast sculpts bones into
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their adult shapes.
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Epiphyses plate is located
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between the epiphyses and the diaphysis.
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Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into _______.
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Bone
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What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?
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1.Skull (Cranial, ear, and face bones) 2.Spine (vertebrae) 3.Chest/Thorax (Ribs and Sternum 4.Hyoid bone in the neck.
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What are the main bones of the Appendicular skeleton
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1. Upper Extremities (Pectoral shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones.) 2. Lower Extremities (Pelvic hip girdle, Thigh, Leg, Ankle, and Foot bones.)
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Bones of the skull are
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, and Ethmoid.
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What are the sinuses?
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Spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones.
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Paranasal sinuses are
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frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones have opening into the nose
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Sutures are
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two pariental bones, which give shape to the bulging topside of the skull, form immovable joints.
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Fontanels are
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"soft spots" Where ossification is incomplete at birth
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What are the names of the sections of the spine
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cervical region, thoracic region, lumbar region, sacrum, and coccyx.
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Concave curves are
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Cervical and lumbar curves of the spine.
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Convex curves are
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Thoracic and sacral curves.
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How many ribs do we have?
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12 pairs
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How many true ribs are there? and why are they considered true?
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first 7; attached to sternum by costal cartilage
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How many False ribs are there? and why are they considered false?
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8,9, and 10; Because they are attached to the cartilage of the seventh rib.
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How many floating ribs are there? and why are they called that?
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last 2 (11 and 12); not attached to any cartilage.
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Clavicle
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Collarbone
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Pectoral Girdle
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Shoulder
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Stenoclavicular
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Joint between the clavicle and the breastbone
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Humerus
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long bone of the arm; second largest bone of the body
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What is a rotator cuff
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group of muscles held together
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Radius and ulna
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bones of the forearm
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Pelvic Girdle
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hip
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Coxal bones
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one is located at each side of the pelvis.
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In an infant's body each coxal bone consists of three separate bones called
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ilium, ischium, and pubis. These bones grow together to become one.
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Femur
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only bone in the thigh. Longest bone in the body.
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Tibia
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Shinbone
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fibula
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outer lateral border of the leg.
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Phalanges
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toe and finger bones
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Calcaneus
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Heel bone
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Metatarsals and tarsals
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foot bones
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What are the 3 kinds of joints
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1.Synarthroses 2.Amphiarthroses 3.Diarthroses
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Synarthroses is when a joint has
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no movement; commonly known as sutures
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Amphiarthroses is when a joint has
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slight movement; when cartilage connects to articulating bones.ex. pubic bones
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Diarthroses is when a joint has
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free movement; contain joint capsule, joint cavity, and layer of cartilage over the ends of two joining bones.
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joint capsule is made of
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bodys strongest and toughest material fibrous connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane.
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Ligaments
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cords or bands made of strong fibrous connective tissue.
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Articular cartilage
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The layer over the joint ends of bones acts like a rubber heel on a shoe.
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Bursa
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Pocket of fluid that acts as shock-absorbing cushion around the bones of a joint.
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Flexion
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bending a joint
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Extension
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Straightening it out after flexion.
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Abduction
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away from the midline
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adduction
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towards the midline.
