Chapter 6: Sensation & Perception
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cortex sensing touch
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somatosensory cortex
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a property of our physiology, experience, attention, and culture
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pain
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ringing-in-the-ears
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tinnitus
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taste sensations
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sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
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________ is a chemical sense involving buds (on its primary organ) with pores to catch the chemicals
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taste
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see one speaker saying a syllable while hearing another--confuses perception
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McGurk effect
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senses become joined
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synaesthesia
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sense of smell--is a chemical sense
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olfaction
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Odors are able to evoke memories and feelings because there is a direct link between the brain area that gets information from the nose and the _______ centers associated with memory and emotion.
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limbic
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the ________ school of psychology says we tend to organize a cluster of sensations into a whole, or form
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gestalt
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the _________ is the central object in a scene; it is distinct from the ___________
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figure, background
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we group objects that are close together
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proximity
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we group objects that are similar
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similarity
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we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object
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closure
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we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
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continuity
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we perceive connected objects as a single unit
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connectedness
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enables us to estimate distance
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depth perception
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each species has the depth perception it needs by the time it is _________
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mobile
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cues that require both eyes
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binocular
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difference between the images received by each eye
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retinal disparity
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cues that require one eye
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monocular
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if two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a small retinal image is perceived as farther away
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relative size
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an object partially covered by another is seen as farther away
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interposition
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objects lower in the visual field are seen as nearer
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relative height
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as we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates
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relative motion
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parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
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linear perspective
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the dimmer of two objects seems farther away
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light and shadow
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the brain interpreting a rapid series of slightly varying images as movement
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stroboscopic motion
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the illusion of movement that results when two adjacent stationary spots of light blink on and off in quick succession
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phi phenomenon
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our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from the change in size, shape, and lightness
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perceptual constancy
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due to shape and size constancy, familiar objects do not appear to change shape or size despite changes in our _________ images of them
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retinal
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The brain computes an object's brightness ____________ ___ surrounding objects
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relative to
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the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings
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relative luminance
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in an unvarying context, a familiar object will be perceived as having consistent color, even as the light changes
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color constancy
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the idea that knowledge comes from inborn ways or organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the philosopher...
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Immanuel Kant
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the idea that we learn to perceive the world by experiencing it was supported by...
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John Locke
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visual experiences during infancy are crucial for perceptual development; there is a _________ ________ for normal sensory and perceptual development
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critical period
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the ability of humans (not animals such as chicks) to adapt to a distorted perception
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perceptual adaptation
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a mental predisposition that influences perception--how a stimulus is perceived depends on this and the context in which it is experienced
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perceptual set
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perception is a __________________ phenomenon
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biopsychosocial
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psychologists who study the importance of considering perceptual principles in the design of machines, appliances, and work settings
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human factor psychologists
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perception outside the range of normal sensation
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extrasensory perception
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psychologists who study ESP
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parapsychologists
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reading others' minds
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telepathy
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sensing present situations
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clairvoyance
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sensing events before they happen
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precognition
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ability to levitate/move objects
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psychokinesis
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vague predictions are often __________ to match events that have already occurred
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retrofitted
