Test Answers on Chapter 6 Psych – Flashcards
80 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 80question
The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart suggests that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog? a) "Does it rhyme with blog?" b) "Is it in capital letters?" c) "Is it written in cursive?" d) "Would it be found in a pond?"
answer
Ans: "Would it be found in a pond?" Expln: The levels-of-processing model proposes that the "deeper" the level of processing, the more likely it is to be remembered. This means that the more meaning or significance you can give to a piece of information, the better you remember it. Associating a frog with the place it lives is the most meaningful association of the four choices.
Unlock the answer
question
The three parts of the information-processing model of memory include a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. b) CS, UCS, UR, CR. c) encoding, storage, retrieval. d) shallow, medium, deep processing.
answer
Ans: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Expln: All models of memory include the concepts of encoding, storage, and retrieval. The aspects of the information-processing model that make it unique are the concepts of sensory, short-term, and long-term memory
Unlock the answer
question
Which memory system provides us with a brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a) primary memory b) sensory memory c) long-term memory d) short-term memory
answer
Ans: sensory memory Expln: Sensory memory is the briefest of all the memory stages proposed by the information-processing model. Visual sensory memory lasts only about one-half a second.
Unlock the answer
question
Your friend asks you a question, and just as you say "What?" you realize what the person said. Which part of your memory was maintaining your friend's words? a) iconic sensory memory b) echoic sensory memory c) short-term memory d) long-term memory
answer
Ans: echoic sensory memory Expln: Echoic memory is the memory of sounds. It should be easy to remember if you just think of an "echo" for echoic.
Unlock the answer
question
Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you are attending to that conversation. This is an example of a) Broadbent's process of selective memory. b) the Phi phenomenon. c) the cocktail party phenomenon. d) cue-controlled inhibition.
answer
Ans: the cocktail party phenomenon Expln: The cocktail party effect is a demonstration of our selective attention abilities. Obviously, you are processing all of the information but you are only "attending to" a small portion of it. One place this phenomenon is likely to occur is at a party, thus the name "cocktail party effect."
Unlock the answer
question
Your professor asks you to get up in front of the class and repeat a long list of numbers that she reads to you. If you are not given a chance to repeat the numbers to yourself as she reads them, what is the longest list of numbers you will most likely to be able to remember, according to the classic work of Dr. George Miller? a) 2 b) 7 c) 12 d) 25
answer
Ans: 7 Expln: The amount of information we can retain in short-term memory was studied by George Miller and presented in a paper called "The magic number 7 plus or minus two."
Unlock the answer
question
You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using? a) condensed b) permanent c) elaborative d) maintenance
answer
Ans: maintenance Expln: Maintenance rehearsal is one of the most basic methods to remember something and involves simply repeating the information over and over. Elaborative rehearsal is more complex and involves forming an association with the information.
Unlock the answer
question
Long-term memories are encoded in terms of a) sounds. b) visual images. c) meanings of words and concepts. d) all of the above.
answer
Ans: all of the above Expln: Memories are encoded in terms of all these components. One theory suggests that each component of a memory is actually stored in a different place in the brain.
Unlock the answer
question
Procedural memories are to __________ memories as declarative memories are to ________ memories. a) implicit; explicit b) explicit; implicit c) general knowledge; personal facts d) personal facts; general knowledge
answer
Ans: implicit; explicit Expln: Procedural memories (such as how to ride a bike) are hard to verbalize just as implicit memories are hard to verbalize. If something is explicit, that means it is very clear and obvious, just as declarative memories (like the memory of your first kiss) are very easy to identify.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following types of LTM are forms of explicit memory? a) procedural b) semantic c) episodic d) both semantic and episodic
answer
Ans: both sematic and episodic Expln: Semantic memories are memories of facts such as the capital of the United States. Episodic memories are memories of episodes, such as your last birthday celebration.
Unlock the answer
question
As a young child, you spent hours on your skateboard. After several years of not skating, you jump on your board as if you never missed a day. The long-term memory of how to skate is an example of what type of memory? a) explicit b) episodic c) semantic d) procedural
answer
Ans: procedural Expln: Procedural memories are memories for procedures (or habits and skills).
Unlock the answer
question
As you are skating down the street on your skateboard, you think back to the day you accidentally skated into a parked car and had to go the hospital to get stitches. The memory of this event would be described as a(n) __________________ memory. a) procedural b) implicit c) episodic d) semantic
answer
Ans: episodic Expln: This is a memory of a specific episode.
Unlock the answer
question
According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer "true" to which sentence? a) "A salmon is an animal." b) "A salmon is a fish." c) "A canary is a bird." d) All of these would take the same time.
answer
Ans: "A salmon is an animal." Expln: For this answer, you need to move across two categories: salmon to fish to animal.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following concepts describes why it is best to take a test in the same room in which you learned the material? a) state-dependent learning b) encoding specificity c) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d) cocktail party effect
answer
Ans: encoding specificity Expln: Encoding specificity refers to your physical surroundings and how they can act as retrieval cues for information.
Unlock the answer
question
While you were studying for your history final, you were angry at your roommate for playing her music too loud. If you wanted to maximize your ability to remember the information on the final, what mood should you be in while you are taking the final? a) happy b) sad c) angry d) surprised
answer
Ans: angry Expln: State-dependent learning refers to your emotional state and how being in the same mood during retrieval as you were during the encoding process can help you remember more information
Unlock the answer
question
Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _______________ is an easier task than ____________. a) recognition; recall b) recall; recognition c) priming; the savings method d) the savings method; priming
answer
Ans: recognition; recall Expln: Recognition simply requires "recognizing" the right answer. This means you are given all the options and you simply select the correct choice.
Unlock the answer
question
The test you are taking right now requires which type of memory retrieval process? a) recall b) recognition c) encoding d) echoic
answer
Ans: recognition Expln: You are given the right answer and you simply have to select it from choices a-d.
Unlock the answer
question
Is eyewitness testimony usually accurate? a) Yes, because seeing is believing. b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest. c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony. d) No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.
answer
Ans: No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification. Expln: Although eyewitness testimony can be accurate, there is always the possibility of false positives.
Unlock the answer
question
In this view, memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called a) constructive processing. b) hindsight bias. c) adaptation of memory traces. d) flashbulb integration.
answer
Ans: constructive processing Expln: Constructive processing assumes that all the pieces of a memory are stored in different locations and "re-assembled" every time the memory is retrieved.
Unlock the answer
question
. Which of the following phenomena provides support for the concept that memories are reconstructed as they are retrieved or remembered? a) tip of the tongue b) hindsight bias c) cocktail party effect d) retrograde amnesia
answer
Ans: hindsight bias Expln: In hindsight bias, our memory of a past event is influenced by new information.
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is an example of the misinformation effect? a) forgetting where you left your keys b) falsely remembering that a friend was wearing a jacket after being asked what color your friend's jacket was c) remembering a traumatic event from childhood d) telling someone a lie
answer
Ans: falsely remembering that a friend was wearing a jacket after being asked what color your friend's jacket was Expln: The misinformation effect occurs when a leading question or statement actually alters your memory of an event.
Unlock the answer
question
Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten a) more rapidly as time goes by. b) gradually at first, then increasing in speed of forgetting. c) quickly at first, then tapering off gradually. d) most quickly one day after learning.
answer
Ans: quickly at first, then increasing in speed of forgetting Expln: Most forgetting occurs within the first hour after the material is learned
Unlock the answer
question
. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. c) the information is not attended to and fails to be encoded. d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time.
answer
Ans: newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information Expln: Retroactive interference occurs when the new information gets in the way or "interferes" with the already learned material.
Unlock the answer
question
Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from a) cue-dependent forgetting. b) proactive interference. c) decay. d) retroactive interference.
answer
Ans: proactive interference Expln: Proactive interference occurs with the already learned material interferes with the new information.
Unlock the answer
question
In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer a) pay attention to specific stimuli. b) retrieve memories. c) form new memories. d) make sense of memories.
answer
Ans: form new memories Expln: After H. M's hippocampus was removed, he lost the ability to move memories from short-term to long-term memory.
Unlock the answer
question
The physical processes that occur when a memory is formed are called a) consolidation. b) actuation. c) potentiation. d) depolarization.
answer
Ans: consolidation Expln: The term consolidation refers to the physical basis of memories. Researchers are still working to determine the precise details of consolidation.
Unlock the answer
question
When a person's ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. a) hippocampus b) prefrontal lobe c) amygdala d) Cerebellum
answer
Ans: hippocampus Expln: Anterograde amnesia is described as the inability to form any new memories. Just like the case of H. M., when a person's hippocampus is removed or damaged, anterograde amnesia is often the result.
Unlock the answer
question
anterograde amnesia
answer
loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.
Unlock the answer
question
autobiographical memory
answer
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.
Unlock the answer
question
automatic encoding
answer
tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding.
Unlock the answer
question
consolidation
answer
the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an memory is formed
Unlock the answer
question
constructive processing
answer
referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information
Unlock the answer
question
curve of forgetting
answer
a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.
Unlock the answer
question
decay
answer
loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.
Unlock the answer
question
declarative memory
answer
long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known.
Unlock the answer
question
distributed practice
answer
spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods.
Unlock the answer
question
disuse
answer
another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.
Unlock the answer
question
echoic memory
answer
the brief memory of something a person has just heard.
Unlock the answer
question
eidetic imagery
answer
the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.
Unlock the answer
question
elaborative rehearsal
answer
a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.
Unlock the answer
question
encoding failure
answer
failure to process information into memory.
Unlock the answer
question
encoding specificity
answer
the tendency for memory to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.
Unlock the answer
question
episodic memory
answer
type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.
Unlock the answer
question
explicit memory
answer
memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory
Unlock the answer
question
false positive
answer
error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.
Unlock the answer
question
flashbulb memory
answer
type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it.
Unlock the answer
question
hindsight bias
answer
the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.
Unlock the answer
question
iconic memory
answer
visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.
Unlock the answer
question
implicit memory
answer
memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory
Unlock the answer
question
infantile amnesia
answer
infantile amnesia the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.
Unlock the answer
question
information-processing
answer
model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory
Unlock the answer
question
model
answer
storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory, in a series of three stages.
Unlock the answer
question
levels-of-processing model
answer
model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
Unlock the answer
question
long-term memory (LTM)
answer
the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently
Unlock the answer
question
maintenance rehearsal
answer
practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.
Unlock the answer
question
memory
answer
an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
Unlock the answer
question
memory trace
answer
physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.
Unlock the answer
question
misinformation effect
answer
the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself
Unlock the answer
question
parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
answer
a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
Unlock the answer
question
primacy effect
answer
tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows
Unlock the answer
question
proactive interference
answer
memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information.
Unlock the answer
question
procedural (nondeclarative) memory
answer
type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
recall
answer
type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues.
Unlock the answer
question
recency effect
answer
tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it
Unlock the answer
question
recognition
answer
ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact
Unlock the answer
question
retrieval
answer
getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
Unlock the answer
question
retrieval cue
answer
a stimulus for remembering.
Unlock the answer
question
retroactive interference
answer
memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information
Unlock the answer
question
retrograde amnesia
answer
loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.
Unlock the answer
question
selective attention
answer
the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.
Unlock the answer
question
semantic network model
answer
model of memory organization that assumes that information is stored in the brain in an connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
Unlock the answer
question
sensory memory
answer
the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems
Unlock the answer
question
serial position effect
answer
tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information
Unlock the answer
question
short-term memory (STM)
answer
the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.
Unlock the answer
question
storage
answer
holding onto information for some period of time.
Unlock the answer
question
working memory
answer
an active system that processes the information in short-term memory.
Unlock the answer