Chapter 6 Mid – Flashcards

Culture= Back ground, religion. Personal Experience= What you think and how you see things. Culture+Personal Experience= Worldview.

Relativism= Depends on social context, sugar coat. If someone gives u an ugly sweater you would try not to hurt their feelings. Universalism= Black and white, the honest truth.

Instrumental= utilitarian, values of use that benefits, like forest cause you can use them for wood. Instrinsic value= inherent. You just love that person cause they are wonderful. VALUABLE FOR OWN SAKE.

Anthropocentric= places ethics and values and apply to people Biocentric= values considers all living things Ecocentric= Holistic, connections with living things, and living and non living things. All functioning things.

Transcendentalist, emphasis the soul with oneness with nature. Meditative.

Transcendentalist Walden

Was not a transcendetalist

Preservation ethic, preserve environment in a pristine state.

Conservationist Ethic, use natural resources and they do have value, utilitarian value, use them wisely. First direct of natural preservation service.

Professor in Wisconsin, involve with wolves in yellow stone, Sand County Almanac

Conservationist Ethic, use natural resources and they do have value, Preservation ethic, preserve environment in a pristine state.

Nimby= Not in my backyard. We can solve things but not in my back yard.

Conventional= Industries produce their product, household will consume and they will provide work and labor, and the people work for it and pay for it. THEY ARE NOT CONCERNED ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Ecological= They CONSIDER the impact of the environment.

FOUR fundamental assumptions of neoclassical economics often contribute to environmental degradation: *1) Are resources infinite or substitutable?* -(the first assumption of neoclassical economics is that natural resources and human resources [such as workers] are either infinite or largely substitutable and interchangeable) -resources don't just replace themselves; we have to conserve *2) Should we discount the future?* -(second, neoclassical economics grants an event in the future less value than one in the present; short-term costs and benefits are granted more importance than longterm costs and benefits) -many environmental problems unfold gradually, and discounting causes us to downplay the impacts on future generations of the pollution we create and the resources we deplete today *3) Are all cost and benefits internal?* -(a third assumption of neoclassical economics is that all costs and benefits associated with an exchange of goods or services are borne by individuals engaging directly in the transaction; in other words, it is assumed that the costs and benefits are "internal" to the transaction, experienced by the buyer and seller alone. -external costs comprise one reason governments develop environmental legislation and regulations *4) Is all growth good?* -(a fourth assumption of the neoclassical economic approach is that economic growth is required to keep employment high and maintain social order; economic growth should create opportunities for the poor to become wealthier) -critics of the growth paradigm fear that the endless pursuit of economic growth will destroy our economic system, because resources to support growth are ultimately limited

GDP= Gross Domestic Product more accurate for national economy. Measures total monetary value of goods and services annual bases. GPI= Genuine Progress Indicator, provide benefits. Non market values. Aesthetic, Option, Educational, Cultural, Ecosystem services.

values for items such as ecosystem services that are not usually included in the price of a good or service

Adjusted parameters to determine recommendations for sustainable consumption and production.

worldview

cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods

worldview

that things in nature have value for their own sake regardless of their use to others

biocentrism

Henry David Thoreau

conservation

people realized that environmental damage is not equally distributed among all classes and racial groups; minority and low-income communities tend to contain a much larger share of the environmental damage (such as landfills, incinerators, toxic waste sites, etc.)

biocentrism

resources should be used from natural areas but in a responsible way such that they are not depleted

the categorical imperative

anthropocentric

The 19th century

Muir; Pinchot

environmental justice

production

economy

external

increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology

He argued that individuals acting in self-interest would benefit society (as long as their behavior was constrained by private property rights).

ecolabeling

Gross Domestic Product

values for items such as ecosystem services that are not usually included in the price of a good or service

by encouraging society to view the supply of resources as infinite

Market failure occurs when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies (such as ecosystem services) or when they do not reflect the negative impacts of economic activity on people or the environment (external costs).

The GPI takes into account externalities (both good and bad) and other nonmarket values, while the GDP does not.

GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment.

meet most of their needs from nature, but may trade for local goods made by different clans or families

hybrid capitalist/socialist

capitalism

ecolabeling

greenwashing

promoting a viable economy while maintaining a viable environment and meeting social needs

sustainable