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Social process theories

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Theories that suggest that criminal behavior is learned in interaction with others and that socialization and learning processes occur as the result of gorup membership and relationships

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Social development theories

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An integrated view of human development that examines multiple leves of maturation simultaneously , including the psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and ecological levels

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Learning theory

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A perspective that places primary emphasis upon the role of comunication and socializatin in the acquisition of learned patterns of criminal behavior and the values that support that behavior

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Differential asssociation

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An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people pursue criminal or deviant behavior to the extent that they identify themselves with real or imaginary peole from whose perspective that crimnal or deviant behavior seems acceptable

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Social control theories

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A perspective, that predicts taht when social contrants on antisocial behavior are weakened or absent delinquent behavior emerges

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Containment theory

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A form of control theory that suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law abiding behavior

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Containment

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The stabilizing force that , if effective, blocks pushes and pulls from leading an individual toward crrime

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Low self estem

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A reduced sense of self worth to include lowered self assurance and lowered self respect

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Social bond

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The link created through individuals and the society of which they are a part

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General theory of crime

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A theory that attempts to explain all forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach and holds that low self control accounts for all crime at all times

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Control ratio

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The amount of control to which a person is subject versus the amount of control that person exerts over others

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Tagging

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A term that explains twhat happens to offenders following arrest, convictin adn sentencing

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Primary deviance

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Initial deviance often undertaken to deal with transient problems in living

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2ndary deviance

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Deviant behavior that results from offical labeling and from associatin with others who have been so lableld

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Moral enterprise

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The efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of moral ethical propriety enacted into law

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Moral entrapreneiurs

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Indidivudals or groups enganged in the process of moral enterprise

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Prosocial bonds

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Bonds between the individual and the social group that strengthen the liklihood of conformity. These bonds are characterized by attachment ot conventional social instituions, values, and beliefs

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Juvenile Mentoring program (jump)

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A program that places each participating at risk youth in a one on one relationship with a favorable adult role model

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Preparing fo rthe drug free years (PDFY)

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A program designed to increase effective parenting for children in grades 4-8 in an effort to reduce drug abuse and behavior problems

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Montreal prevention treatment program

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A program designed to address early childhood risk factors for gang involvement by targeting boys in kindergarten who exhibit disruptive behavior

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Human development

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The relationship between the maturing individual and his or her changing environment , as well as the social processes that the relationship entails

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Social development perspective

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An integrated view of human development that examines multiple levels of maturity simultaneiously, including the psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, societal, and ecological levels

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Life course criminilogly

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A developmental perspective that draws attention to the fact that criminal behavior tends to follow a distinct pattern across the life cycle

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Criminal career

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The longitudianl dequence of events committed by an individual offender

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Life course

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Pathways through the life span involving a sequence of culturally defined, age-graded roles and social transitions enacted over time

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Human agency

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The idea that individuals construct their own life course through the choices they make and the actions they take within the opportunities and constrainsts of history and soical circumstances

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Turning points

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Crucial life experiences that can change behavior

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Social capital

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The degree of positive relationships with others and with social instiutions that individuals build up over the ocurse of their lives

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Life course persistent offenders

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Offenders who as a result of neuropsychological deficts combined with poverty and family dysfunctin, display paterns of misbehavior throughout life

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Adolescene-limited offenders

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Juvenile offenders who abandon delinquency upon reaching maturity

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Persistence

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Continutity in crime or continual involvement in offending

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Desistence

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The cessation of criminal activity or the termination of a period of involvement in offending behavior that is abandoning a criminal career

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Farringtons Delinquent development theory

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A theory in which persisitence describes continuity in crime and desistance refers to cessation of criinal activity or to a termination oin a period involvement in offending behavior

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Cambridge Study in Delinquent development

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A longitudinal lif eocurse study of crinme and delinquency tracking a cohort of 411 boys in london

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Cohort anaylsis

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A social scientific technique that over time studies a population with common characteristics. Cohort analysis usually begins at birth and traces the development of cohort members until they reach a certain age

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Evoluitonary ecology

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A theory that blends elements of previous perspectives-building upon social ecology while emphasizing developmental pathways

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Interactional theory

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A theorietical approach to exploring crime and delinquency that blends social control and social learning perspectives

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Project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods (PHDCN)

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A longitudinal analysis of how individual,s, families, institutions, and communitites evolve together

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Chronic strategy for serious violent and chronic juvenile offenders program

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A program that workds to strengthen families and core institutions in their efforts to reduce risk factors and develop their full potential

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Explain the interactionist perspective

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The theories discussed in the first part of this chapter are scalled social process theories, or interractionist perspectives because they depend on the process of interactionist perspectives, because they depend on the process of of interaction between individuals and society for the explanatory power.

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Social process theories see criminal behavior as a ?

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Product of the social environment and not as an innate characteristic

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Outline the evolution of social process and social development theories

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One of the earliest and most influential forms of learning theory was advanced by Edwin Sutherland in 1939. Sutherland emphasized the role of social learning as an explanation for crime and held that virtually all cirminality is learned through association with others who communicate criminal values and who advocate the commission of crimes

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Describe social control theories, including containment , control balance and social bond theories

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Social control theories which fall under the general category of the social process perspective, seek to identify those features of the personality and the environment that keep people from committing crimes

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Social control theories see criminal behavior as?

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A product of the social environment and not as an innate characteristic.. They focus on the proces through thwich social integration develops and say that it is the extent of a persons integration with positive social institutions and significant others that determines his or her resistance to crimninal temptations

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Describe labeling theory

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Labeling theory also social reaction theory points to the special significance of societys response to the cirminal and sees continutied crime as a consequence of limited opportunites for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders

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Explain the policy implications of social process theories

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Social process theories suggest that crime prevention programs should work to enhance self control and to build prosocial bonds

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Use the social development perspective to explain criminality

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The social development perspective acknowledges that human development begins at birth and takes place within a social context. The process of development occurs through reciprocal and dynamic interactins that take place betweenindividuals and various aspects of their environmnet

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List the policy implications of social development theories

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Advocates of the social development perspective believe that at risk youth can be effectively diverted fromthe juveile justice system through the provision of positive alternatives

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