question

Perception

answer

Defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. How we see the world around us; created by each person's own needs, values, and expectations. 1. physical stimulus 2. functional factors 3. contextual factors i. physical stimuli ii. previous experience iii. expectations v. motives recognize stimuli, categorizing them according to personal needs, expectations

question

Sensation

answer

The immediate and direct response of the sensory organs to stimuli ex products, packaging, advertisements, commercials

question

Sensory receptors

answer

The human organs such as the eyes, ears, nose , mouth or skin that receive sensory imports; sensitivity varies with the quality of the sensors , the intensity of the stimuli, and how often we hear the stimuli. In places where there is a lot of stimuli, the senses cannot pick up on small changes. likewise, when there is limited stimuli, the senses are more likely to pick up on small changes. ex fragrances used in department store is meant to make their customers feel comfortable in the store, buy more, and stay longer;

question

Absolute threshold

answer

The lowest (or highest) level at which an individual can experience or detect a stimulus. ex spotting a billboard at different distances; deer whistle

question

sensory adaption

answer

as our exposure to the stimuli increases we will notice it less; this concerns many advertisers because they have to change their advertising campaigns regularly. (ads will no longer provide sufficient sensory input to be noted) ex experimental marketing, sophisticated scented ads, inserts and pop-ups, ambush advertising, product placements.

question

differential threshold (Just noticeable difference or jnd)

answer

The minimum difference that can be detected between two stimuli; ability to perceive changes in stimuli 1. makes negative changes (smaller size or quantity) not noticeable to the public 2. product improvements (updated packaging, larger size or quantity, cheaper price) are very apparent to consumers without being wasteful. ex volume, temperature, quality, price ex to make an advertisement of silver tarnish, (which product life is 25 days) would need an increase of 5 days longer, any longer and it would not be seen as an improvement. brand symbols slowly make sequential changes to keep up with the times, without losing its older customers.

question

Weber's Law

answer

The jnd between two stimuli varies according to the relative amount of intensity of the first stimulus. Inversely related to the stimulus ex an orange juice's ratio of fresh to concentrate. ex gas prices

question

Subliminal perception.

answer

stimulus that is beyond our conscious recognition; weak and brief to consciously seen or hear may nevertheless be strong enough to be perceived by one or more receptive cells. these messages can trigger certain associations and motivations. reduces anti-social behaviors ex New Jersey drive in theater: eat popcorn, drink coke lion king- sex in dust cloud

question

physical stimuli

answer

The outside environment

question

Previous experience

answer

Provided by individual's in the form of certain dispositions ; ie expectations, motives, and learning

question

Aspects of Perception

answer

1. Selection 2. organization 3. interpretation

question

Nature of the stimlus

answer

Marketing: nature of the product, its physical attributes, brand name, package design, advertisements Contrast: one of the most attention compelling, ex size

question

Expectations

answer

See what they expect to see, usually based on familiarity, previous experience, preconditioned sets of expectations. ex going to see a scary movie

question

Motives

answer

People tend to perceive things they want or need. The stronger the need, the greater tendency to ignore unrelated stimuli position ads that reflect these perceived values. ex someone who is looking for a car will pay more attention to cars.

question

selective exposure

answer

Consumers actively seek out messages that they find pleasant or with which they are sympathetic & reaffirm their purchase decisions.

question

selective attention

answer

heightened awareness to stimuli that meet their needs or interests and minimal awareness that are irrelevant. Also include what format they like their information to be in.

question

perceptual defense

answer

Screen out stimuli that are psychologically threatening; therefore they distort the images

question

Perceptual blocking

answer

consumers protect themselves from the bombardment of stimuli by "blocking out" stimuli to prevent being overwhelmed.

question

perceptual organization (Gesalt psychology)

answer

Meaning is assigned by the individual ; compare stimulus to past & categorize. 1. figure and ground 2.grouping 3.closure ex jumping out of the bushes at night with an eraser; likely to perceive it as a weapon

question

figure and ground

answer

Stimuli that contrast with their environment stand out more. ground- background, submissive figure- appears more dominant b/c of contrast, want it to the focus of an ad.

question

Product placement (branded entertainment)

answer

the advertising product is integrated and featured in the tv programs 1. product being used by the cast 2.products are integrated into the plot 3. the product is associated with a character (the advertising spokesperson)

question

grouping

answer

Individuals tend to group stimuli so that they form a unified picture or impression. marketers use groups to connect meanings to their products; good for brand imaging

question

closure

answer

Patterns are often perceived as complete, even if they aren't; incomplete tasks are remembered better than complete use in marketing to get the consumer more involved

question

Perceptual interpretation

answer

...Highly ambiguous. You wont see the same thing if visibility is poor, distances, angle. Therefore projective techniques (such as stereotyping) are used to fill in those gaps.

question

Stereotypes

answer

Biased mental pictures of various stimuli; perceptions of stimuli 1. physical appearance 2.. First impressions 3. halo effect used to identify with cultures and traditional roles and values of an area. Influences brand perceptions

question

Physical appearance

answer

when people attribute certain qualities to certain types of people. with others who resemble them. culturally attractive people are more likely to persuade and seem more successful. ex enhancing product such as lipstick or jewelry but not for correction of beauty flaws such as acne or dandruff. ex subtle color & descriptions changes in package effect overall quality perceptions; avoid gender stereotypes

question

First Impressions

answer

The lasting effect after being introduced to something new. Often leads to the overall success or failure of a product, bad ones leave a stigmatism that is hard to take back.

question

Halo effect

answer

Used to describe situations in which the evaluation of a single object based on one or a few dimensions. ex a person won't look you in the eye used for brand extensions or licensing.

question

Product positioning

answer

the image of a product in the mind of the consumer; more important than the actual product. unique value proposition whether through benefits or unique value proposition. 1. top of the range: upper class, top of the range, status, prestigious,posh 2.service: impressive service, personal attention, consider people important, friendly service 3. value for money: reasonable price, value for the money, affordability 4. reliability: Durability, warranty, safety 5. attractive: good aesthetics, attractive, cool, elegant. 6. country of origin: patriotism, country of origin, youth market 7. the brand name: leaders in the market, extra features, choice, wide range, expensive 8. selectivity: discriminatory, selective in choice of customers, high principles.

question

Umbrella positioning

answer

Using the same slogan to describe consumer benefits of its products. can also be based on contrast.

question

digital marketing

answer

1. type of target segment and how they use digital media 2. develop brand associations 3. educate the youth market when other segment starts aging 4. Online contests 5. build a community 6. online and offline marketing message consistent.

question

Packaging as a positioning element

answer

reflects the consumer;s image of the brand. ex tide has a large handle of the side to convey heavy & power perfume bottles contribute to up to 40% of the perfume price. massive(block): sophistication, rugged, lower excitement contrasting (curves): higher excitement, rugged, lower competence. natural(symmetrical): sincere and sophisticated. delicate (sleek & narrow): higher competence, sophistication, lower ruggedness nondescript (simple): low sincerity, excitement and ruggedness.

question

Repositioning

answer

change of unique product attributes because: 1.new competitors 2. changing consumer perceptions 3. economic conditions 4. change their target segment 5. advertise improved offerings 6.motivation to buy from this category is low ex bank marketers re-positioned second mortgages so that they are not seen as loans. Must consider a transition between current attributes to new

question

Factors that influence perception

answer

1. thresholds 2.differential threshold 3. limen 4. active perceiver

question

Limen

answer

a. Conscious: conventional advertising b. subconscious(subliminal): measure reactions to stimuli that we don't recognize but react to

question

James Vicary

answer

Subliminal marketer; in the 1950's perceived as mind control New jersey drive in theater, eat popcorn drink coke

question

Vance Packard

answer

"The hidden persuades" through the use of consumer motivation marketers have no right to use messages we cannot recognize to sell products.

question

Drawbacks of subliminal advertising

answer

1. range of sublimation different with each person. 2. only short stimuli 3. It's only a weak form of reminder advertising; difference between recognition and action

question

active perceiver

answer

Human beings are not video cameras a. physical b. cognitive components

question

Hastoff & cantrill

answer

Social psychologists that stated depending on who you were talking to you would get radically different views; -expectations & past experiences (differential perception ) due to functional factors

question

selected perception

answer

combination of perceptual defense & perceptual blocking; Screening out certain stimuli and distorting stimuli to reinforce opinions ex children from different economic areas look at coin and draw -poor kids draw coins digger b/c more precious -middle class: to scale

question

physical stimulus

answer

Size, color, shape, cues

question

functional factors

answer

Characteristics or cognitive functions of the perceiver/ receiver

question

contextual factors

answer

environmental factors around the stimulus; gesalt & product placement

question

Donald Cox

answer

-decision (types of cues aka physical stimulus) I. Predictive: low confidence major influence ex marbling in a steak ( high predictive value cue) II. confidence: my ability to understand the cue ex if unsure, buy a brand name Make trade-offs ex differences in price must be due to quality

question

perceptual mapping

answer

How marketers determine just how they want their products and services to appear to consumers in relation to competitive brands on one or more relevant characteristic. (vs an ideal product) -find niches

question

Positioning services

answer

focus of image; visual images and tangible reminders -colors, scenery, specialized items

question

perceived quality

answer

Based on a variety of informational cues 1.intrinsic 2.extrinsic harder to evaluate services: intangible, variable, perishable, consumed simultaneously demand is a positive function of this. price decreases, quantity decreases.

question

Intrinsic

answer

Cues that are based on the physical characteristics of the product itself such as size, color, flavor, to judge quality. cue related to the property of interest Rational or objective product choices ex wine bottles -clarity -type of grapes - vintage etc

question

extrinsic

answer

Cues based on outside factors such as brand name, colors to identify flavor, packaging, price, environment, country of origin, images of the whole supply chain etc. learned cues ie in the absence of the experience, consumers use these factors in purchase decisions. especially expectations vs reality

question

servqual scale

answer

A scale designed to measure the gap between customer's expectations 1. reliability 2. responsiveness 3.assurance 4. empathy 5. tangibility

question

outcome dimensions

answer

Focuses on the reliable delivery of the core services

question

process dimensions

answer

focuses on how the core services is delivered & the tangible aspects of the service ex amazon.com

question

Price/ quality relationship

answer

The trade-offs between a product's perceived benefits or quality and the perceived sacrifice necessary to acquire it. Usually more expensive= better quality relies on well-known brand names as an indicator of quality & price isn't as much of a factor. some people raise prices to just to make their product seem higher quality. (prestige, symbolic value, performance, durability etc) price actually makes consumers react more positively to a product's performance. people are familiar with a brand name will less likely use price as a quality indicator. can be product category specific & sometimes by the situation.

question

Perceived risk

answer

the uncertainty that consumers face when they cannot foresee the consequences of their purchase decisions. 1. functional risk 2. physical risk 3.financial risk 4. social risk 5. psychological risk 6. time risk

question

How consumers handle risk

answer

1.Seek information 2. Brand loyal 3. Brand image 4. store image 5. buy the most expensive item 6. seek reassurance

question

functional risk

answer

the risk that a product will not perform as expected

question

physical risk

answer

the risk to self and others that the product may pose

question

financial risk

answer

The risk that the product will not be worth the cost

question

social risk

answer

the risk that a poor product choice may result in social embarrassment

question

psychological risk

answer

the risk that a poor product choice will bruise the consumer's ego.

question

time risk

answer

The risk that the time spent in product search may be wanted if the product does not perform as expected. ex will i have to go through that shopping effort again?

question

Raymon Baver's model of risk

answer

States that irrational behavior can be understood by risk management & the strategies that consumers develop to reduce risks. People are risk adverse (all other things being equal) A. Likelihood B. Severity.

question

Risk dimensions (Functional loss)

answer

1. Losing face: bad mouth (ego loss) 2.waste time: terms of loss 3. hazard loss: injury or death 4. poor value: economic loss 5. attributes of the risk: nature & where it's sold

Chapter 6 Consumer perception – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards