Chapter 6 Flashcard Answers

Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

Place theory suggests that

When we look at a clock showing 8 A.M., certain brain cells in our visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 A.M. This is most indicative of

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason’s running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

According to the text, learning involves

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his lost sense of hearing. It is likely that Joe’s hearing loss involves problems within the

Criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by punishment that is

To experience color constancy, we should view things

Rates of operant responding are ________ for fixed-ratio than for fixed-interval schedules; they are ________ for variable-ratio than for variable-interval schedules.

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

A Skinner box is a(n)

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense?

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

Rebecca was born with cataracts that were not surgically removed until she was 3 years old. As a result, Rebecca is most likely to

A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

People’s response to subliminal priming indicates that

Who emphasized that perceptual understanding comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experience?

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on

Experiments evaluating the impact of subliminal self-help recordings for improving memory indicated that they

The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit

The McGurk effect best illustrates

Human factors psychologists would be most likely to aid in the design of

Jody’s horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as

For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called

Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep?

Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation?

Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ______ of a sound.

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by

Rods are

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the

Perception is the process by which

The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily defined as zero

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

Laurie’s thumbsucking has become habitual because she feels less anxious when she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

The use of physical punishment may

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the nervous system is called

Our sense of hearing is known as

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Effectively designing physical environments—such as the layout of a kitchen—in a way that maximizes safe and efficient meal preparation is of special interest to

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to identify even her mother’s face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in

Garcia and Koelling’s studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

Negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding, and punishments ________ the rate of operant responding.

Normal visual sensation in the absence of complete visual perception is best illustrated by

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural messages is called

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound.

When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of

Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because

The tendency to perceive a moving light in the night sky as belonging to an airplane rather than a satellite best illustrates the impact of

People with color-deficient vision for red and green may still see yellow. This is most easily explained by

Months after she was raped, Courtney’s heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place where she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney’s anxiety.

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

Although college textbooks frequently cast a trapezoidal image on the retina, students typically perceive the books as rectangular objects. This illustrates the importance of