Chapter 5: States of Consciousness – Flashcards
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Conciousness
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the awareness of sensations, thoughts, feelings, we experience at a given moment
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Waking conciousness
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we are awake, awake in our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.
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Altered states of consciousness
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Naturally: Dreaming & Sleeping
Methods of Altering your conciousness:
Drug use & Hypnosis
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Stage 1 Sleep
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- the transition from the waking state, in which one is relaxed and eyes are closed, and sleep
- characterized with rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
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Stage 2 Sleep
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- deeper sleep, makes up 1/2 of total sleep
- slower, more regular wave pattern
- momentary interruptions of sleep spindles
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Stage 3 Sleep
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- slower brain waves with higher peaks and lower valleys of waves
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Stage 4 Sleep
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- deepest stage
- most least responsive to outside stimulation
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Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
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Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time
- increased heart, blood, breathe rate
- physical arousal
- when we experience our dreams
- similar fast waves near wakefulness (stage 1)
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Rebound effect
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REM deprived sleepers spend more time in REM than normal
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Purpose of Sleep
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- required for normal human functioning
- restores and replenishes/re energizes our brain and body
- evolutionary theory~ helps preserve energy when food is less available
- important towards physical growth and brain development (especially in adolescents)
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Unconscious wish fulfillment theory
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Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalytic)
- represent the unconscious wishes that the dreamer desires to be fulfilled/can warn-foreshadow in conscious awareness
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Dreams for survival theory
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(Evolutionary)
- dreams permit info that's critical to our daily survival
- required to be reconsidered & reprocessed during sleep
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Activation-synthesis theory
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J. Allan Hobson (Neuroscience)
- Brain produces random electrical energy during REM
- dreams are a result of random activation of memories, which are tied together in a logical story line
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Circadian Rhythms
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biological processes that occur regularly on approx. a 24-hr cycle
Processes our:
- sleeping & waking
- body temperature
- blood pressure
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What controls our circadian rhythms?
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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Seasonal affective disorder
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Severe depression which increases during the winter and decreases during the rest of the year
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Daydreams
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fantasies that people construct while awake
- under our control, in our waking conscious awareness
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Hypnosis
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trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others
- typically achieved after a person entered a deep state of relaxation and concentration
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Divided consciousness
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division or disassociation of consciousness into two simultaneous components
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Meditation
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regulating your own state of consciousness, "hypnosis for yourself, brought by yourself"
- learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.
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Psychoactive drugs
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influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
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Addictive drugs
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produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user
- withdrawal from these leads to cravings for the drug that may be nearly irresistible
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Reasons for drug intake
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- pleasure of the experience
- escape that a drug-induced high affords from daily pressures of life
- attempt to achieve religious/spiritual state
- peer pressure
- genetic factors, making people to be susceptible to drugs
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Stimulants
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drugs that have an arousal effect on the CNS
- causes rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular function
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Depressant
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drugs that slow down the nervous system
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Barbiturate
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induces sleep. reduce stress
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Rohypnol
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known as date rape drug, mixed into alcohol to impair the victim
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Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs
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produce hallucinations, or change in the perceptual process
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Which of the following statements reflects a difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis?
a. The brain's electrical activity differs between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness.
b. Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness.
c. Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state.
d. There is an increased ability to construct images under hypnosis than in the waking state.
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a. The brain's electrical activity differs between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness.
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Which drug below is correctly matched with its class?
a. Cocaine - depressant
b. Caffeine - stimulant
c. Marijuana - depressant
d. Heroin - hallucinogen
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b. Caffeine - stimulant
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Which of the following is true of people who participate in sleep deprivation experiments?
a. Most people suffer permanent consequences of temporary sleep deprivation experiment.
b. They are more alert than people who do not take part in such experiments.
c. Their creativity levels remain unchanged.
d. They show a decline in logical reasoning ability.
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d. They show a decline in logical reasoning ability.
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Which of the following figures most closely approximates the percentage of high school seniors who have tried an illegal drug during the past year?
a. 15%
b. 23%
c. 41%
d. 67%
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c. 41%
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In which of the following applications has hypnosis proven to be least successful?
a. Stopping alcohol and drug abuse
b. Treating psychological disorders
c. Improving athletic performance
d. Relieving pain
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a. Stopping alcohol and drug abuse
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Which of the following is true of altered state of consciousness?
a. People start thinking logically.
b. People feel a sense of ineffability.
c. People gain self-control.
d. People's sense of time becomes more distinct.
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b. People feel a sense of ineffability.
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Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to focus on and consolidate memories. They represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the _____ theory of the function of dreams.
a. wish-fulfillment
b. dreams-for-survival
c. activation-synthesis
d. symbolic-meaning
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b. dreams-for-survival
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MDMA and lysergic acid diethylamide are _____.
a. stimulants
b. hallucinogens
c. depressants
d. narcotics
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b. hallucinogens
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Which of the following statements is true of dreams occurring in REM sleep and NREM sleep?
a. Dreams occur only in REM sleep.
b. Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.
c. Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than are dreams in REM sleep.
d. Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; however, NREM dreams are more vivid than are dreams in REM sleep.
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c. Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than are dreams in REM sleep.
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Approximately what percentage of the population cannot be hypnotized at all?
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5-20%
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Of the ethnic groups in the United States, the rate of alcoholism is lowest among _____.
East Asians
Caucasians
Latin Americans
African Americans
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East Asians
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The most common hallucinogen in widespread use today is _____.
lysergic acid diethylamide
marijuana
MDMA
heroin
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marijuana
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Since the 1970s, the number of young adolescents who begin drinking alcohol by the time they are in the 8th grade has:
increased by about 10%.
increased by nearly 33.33%.
decreased by about 25%.
remained fairly constant.
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increased by nearly 33.33%.
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_____ is a condition in which a person has difficulty breathing while sleeping.
Bruxism
Narcolepsy
Night terror
Sleep apnea
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Sleep apnea
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In the _____, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires.
unconscious wish fulfillment theory
expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
dreams-for-survival theory
activation-synthesis theory
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dreams-for-survival theory
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Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires that dreamers want to see fulfilled is known as _____.
unconscious wish fulfillment theory
expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
dreams-for-survival theory
activation-synthesis theory
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unconscious wish fulfillment theory
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Adults spend about _____% of their sleep in Stage 2. Approximately _____% is spent in REM sleep.
25; 20
25; 50
50; 20
50; 35
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25; 50
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_____ is/are sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep that is accompanied by extreme fear, panic, and strong physiological arousal.
Bruxism
Narcolepsy
Night terrors
Sleep apnea
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Night terrors
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To which of the following traits does an individual's susceptibility to hypnosis seem related?
The tendency to defer to others' wishes
The tendency to seek out new experiences
The tendency to become absorbed in one's activities
The tendency toward low self-confidence
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The tendency to become absorbed in one's activities
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Caffeine mimics the effects of a natural brain chemical called:
adenosine.
acetylcholine.
adrenaline.
dopamine.
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adenosine.
