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Classical Conditioning

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learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response. . The dog food

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unconditioned response (UCR)

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an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occuring or unconditioned stimulus. unlearned and occurs because of genetic wiring.

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Neutral stimulus (NS)

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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. ex dogs seeing dish and began to salivate. the dish then became the conditioned stimulous

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conditioned response

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learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

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Stimulus

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any object, event, or experience that causes a resonse, the reaction of an organism

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Natural Stimulus

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reflex response that is naturally produced

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Unconditioned

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Any of the responses or stimuli that is natural or genetic.

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Acquisition

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the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is usually called ____________, because the organism is in the process of learning.

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The CS must come before the UCS.

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If Pavlov rang the bell just after he gave the dog food, they did not become conditioned.

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The CS and UCS must come together very close in time, ideally no more than 5 seconds apart.

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When Pavloc stretced the time between the potential CS and the UCS to several minutes, no assocation or link between the two was made.

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Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

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time between the CS and UCS

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the neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times before conditiong can take place

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...

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the CS is usually some stimulust that is distinctive or stand out from other competing stimuli

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The bell was a sound that was not normally present in the lab and therefore distinct

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Conditioned Stimulous

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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paried with the original uncondtintined stimulous. the bell

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Conditioned Response

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learned reflex response to a condtioned stimulous.

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Stimulous Generalization

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the tendency to stop making a generalized resonse to a stimulus that is similar to the origianl conditioned stimulus because the similar stimlus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. EX. although the sound of the coffe grinder might produce a little anxiety in the dental-drill hating person, after a few uses that sound will no longer prouce anxiety because it isn't associated with dental pain.

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Extinction

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The disapperance or weakening of a learned resonse following the removal or asence of the unconditioned or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

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Reinforcer

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any event or object that when following a resonse, increases the liklihood of that resonse occuring again

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of a learned resonse after extinction has occured. the conditioned rsponse can briefly reappear whn the original CS rturns, although the response is usually weak and short lived.

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Higher Order Conditioning

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Another concept of classical conditioning. Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to bcome a second conditioned stimulus. Pavlov would snap his fingers (neutral stimulus) then ring bell (conditioned stimulus) and give food to produce saliva ( conditioned response) the snap when then trigger saliva if paired enough times turning the snap into another conditioned stimulus. Without the UCS the hight order conditiong would be difficualt to maintain and would gradually fade away

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unconditioned

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"unlearned" or "naturally occuring"

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Conditioned emotional response

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emotional response that has become classically conditoned to occur to learned simuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional eaction that occurs whn seeing an attractive person

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Vicarious Conditioning

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Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. kids in line to get shot. eventually one kid starts to cry by the end of the line all of the kids will be crying

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conditioned taste aversion

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development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occuring after only one association

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biological preparedness

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referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to the survival values of the learning

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stimulus substitution

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original theory in which Pavlov started that classical conditiong occured because the condition sitmulus became a substitute for the unconditioned sitmulus by being paired closely together

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cognitive perspective

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modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus. shocking of rats before tone and after. rats could predict shock and they would freak out. robert rescorla

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Operant Conditioning

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the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasnt and unpleasant consequences to responses

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Law of Effect

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law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will ted to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasnt consequence it will tend not to be repeated. Thorndike developed

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operant

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any behavior that is voluntary

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reinforcement

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any event or stimulus, that when following a resone , increases the probablity that the respone will ocurr again

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primary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. such as a candy bar (hungry drive) or touch (pleasure drive) or liquid (thirst drive)

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secondary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that become reinforcing after being paird with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens, or gold stars, or money

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positive reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a resone by the additon or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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the reinforcemnt of a response by the removal , escape from or aoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

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punishment

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any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again

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punishment by application

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the punishment of a rsponse by the addition or experienceing of an unpleanst stimulus. Something unpleasant such as spanking

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punishisment by removal

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the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus after the behavior occurs..grounding, no tv. this is more acceptable to child development

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successive approximations

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small steps in behavior one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

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discriminative stimulus

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any stimulus such as stop psign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement. baby calls all males dada, then when other males do not act positively and only the dada reinforces the behavior he becomes this

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Thorndikes Puzzel Box

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lever is the stimlus, the pushing of the lever is the response, and the consequence is both escape and food. from this he developed the laws of effect

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BF Skinner

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Came up with the term operant conditioning . Behaviorist

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antecedent stimulus

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antecedent means something that comes before another thing

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Operant Conditiong Learning

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depends on what happens after the response( in classical conditioning it's what happens before the response)

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Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. End resulst is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that resonse

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Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. An expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response

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Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. An expectancy develops for UCS to follow CS

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Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Reinforcement should be immediate

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Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Responses are voluntary

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Operant Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. End resulst is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response.

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Operant Conditiong

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Consequeces are important in forming an association

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Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning. Responses are involuntary and reflexible.

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Classical Conditioning

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Antecedent stimuli are important in forming an association

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Punishment should immeiately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

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if the punishment comes long after the behavior, it will not be associated with that behavior

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Punishment should be consistent

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first if parent promised certain punishment for behavior parent must follow through. second punishment should stay at the same intensity or raise slightly they should never decrease

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Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior

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if kid eats food with fingers, parent should take hand say no we eat with fork and then give kid fork

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shaping

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the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to desired more complex behavior. like elephants in the circus

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partial reinforcement effect

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the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all , correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

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continuous reinforcement

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the reinfocement of each and every correct response

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fixed interval schedule of reinfocement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the interaval of time that must pass before reinforcemnt become possible is always the same . example paycheck

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Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement become possible is different for each trial or event . example pop quizes

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Fixed Ratio schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcment in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

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variable ration schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in whihc the number of responses required ro reinforcement is different for each trial or event . example slot machines

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behavior modification

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the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior (and sometimes classical conditioning)

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token economy

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type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

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applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response. Began with work by Lovaas

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biofeedback

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using of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

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neurofeedback

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form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provde feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

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Interval schedule

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when the timing of the response is more important

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Ratio Schedule

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when it is the number of responses that is important , because a certaing number of responses is required for each reinforcer

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Insight

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the sudden perception of relationships amoung various parts of a problem, to come quickly

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Learned helplessness

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the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. depressed dogs do not escape shock

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observational learning

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learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior children beat up doll

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learning / performance disctinttion

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referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior. children beat up doll

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latent learning

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learning the remains hidden until its application becomes useful the idea that learning could happen without reinforcement, and then later affect behavior, was not something traditional operant condtitioning could explain. example tolmans rate maze second group would exit faster once reinforced

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wolfgang kohler

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gestalt psyschologist who became marooned on island in the caries when world war 1 broke out. stuck at the primate research lab that had first drawn him to the island

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Martin seligman

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famous for funding the field or positive psychology a new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy.

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Bandura

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concluded from these studies and otheres that observational learning required the presence of four elements. did clown beat up study

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Attention

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to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attentintion to the model to know whcih utensil to use has to watch the person who seems to knw what is correct. People pay more attention to people that are simililar to them or attractive

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memory

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the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was first seen on a cooking show

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imitation

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the learner must be capable of reproducing or imitating the actions of the model

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motivation

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learner must have desired motivation. if person given a reward they are much more likely to immitate

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Four Elements

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Attention, Memory, Imitation, motivation

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Learning

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any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

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