Chapter 5 – Microbiology Flashcard
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| symbiosis |
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| theory of eukaryotic cell development; eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes that had engulfed smaller prokaryotes, which then developed into organelles |
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| tissue |
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| collection of cell that perform a specific function |
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| organ |
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| collection of tissue that function for a common purpose |
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| protozoa |
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| types of microorganisms that are always unicellular |
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| helminths |
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| types of microorganisms that are always multicellular |
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| fungi and algae |
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| types of microorganisms that are unicellular or multicellular |
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| make up of flagella |
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| 9 and 2 arrangement of microtubules |
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| cilia |
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| only present in protozoa and animal cells; used for locomotion and feeding |
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| protozoa and some algae |
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| types of cells that have flagella |
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| glycocalx |
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| composed primarily of polysaccharides; function for protection, adhesion, and receiving signals from environment |
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| three arrangements of glycocalx |
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| fiber network, slime layer, capsule |
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| cell wall |
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| found in fungi and algae but not in protozoa |
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| cell wall of fungi |
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| thick inner layer of of polysaccharides (chitin or cellulose) and outer layer of of glycans |
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| crab shell |
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| common place chitin is found |
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| cell wall of algae |
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| varied but may contain polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, manans, and/or minerals such as silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate |
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| sterols |
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| rigid lipids that add stability to the cell membrane |
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| transitional vesicles |
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| packets of protein that bud off the RER and fuse with the golgi |
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| condensing vesicles |
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| packets of fully processed proteins that leave the golgi for transport to their final location |
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| components in cristae of mitochondria |
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| enzymes and electron carriers that are responsible for last steps of aerobic respiration in which large amounts of ATP are formed |
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| components of matrix in mitochondria |
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| metabolic enzymes, ribosomes (70s) and circular DNA |
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| grana |
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| stacks of discs in chloroplasts |
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| thykaloids |
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| disc-like sacs in chloroplasts |
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| stroma |
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| surround thykaloids in chloroplasts |
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| cytoskeleton |
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| anchors RNA; microfilaments and microtubules |
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| microfilaments |
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| thin, protein strands; move cytoplasmic components; mediate amoeboid movement |
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| microtubules |
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| long, hollow tubes; maintain shape of cells that lack cell walls; seperate chromosomes; movement of flagella and cilia |
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| components in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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| chromosomes, ribosomes, flagella, cell membrane, cell wall, glycocalx |
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| components only present in eukaryotes |
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| nucleus, golgi, ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cilia |
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| yeasts |
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| round or oval fungi; asexual reproduction via buddin; may for pseudohyphae |
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| hyphae |
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| long, thread like fungi; common to filamentous fungi |
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| saprobes |
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| require nutrients from dead matter |
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| obligate parasites |
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| require host to live |
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| colonies of yeast |
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| appear soft and have a uniform texture |
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| colonies of filamentous fungi (mycelia) |
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| appear "hairy" |
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| budding |
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| way yeast reproduces |
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| fragmentation and spore formation |
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| ways mold reproduce |
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| sexual sporulation |
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| provide for gentic variation; always produced after meiosis, but all other aspects vary depending on the species |
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| sporangiospores |
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| asexual sporulation; sporangium is attached to the sporangiophore, and the spores form from mitotic divisions within the sporangium, and are released when the sporangium ruptures |
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| conidia |
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| asexual sporulation; free spores are released by the pinching off of the tip of the hypha |
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| fungi |
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| common cause of allergies; can produce poisonous toxins; important in decomposition; symbiotic relationships with plants to aide in nutrient absorbtion; important source of antibiotics and vitamins for human constipation; important for food production |
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| protists |
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| algae and protozoa; any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues |
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| algae |
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| photosynthetic; unicellular, colonial, or filamentous; pigment present in chloroplasts dictate color; rarely infectious; medical importance is primarily due to toxins in fish that feed on algae; inhabit fresh and marine waters, soil, rocks, and plants; large forms have tissues and simple organs |
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| protozoa |
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| unicellular; lack chloroplasts; cytoplasm divided into endo and ectoplasm; no cell wall; three groups |
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| ectoderm |
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| part of cytoplasm in protozoa that facilitate movement and feeding |
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| endoderm |
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| cytoplasm of protozoa that contain nucelus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc. |
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| three groups of protozoa |
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| ciliates, flagellates, and amoebas |
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| ameboid motion |
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| movement when lacking cilia and flagella |
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| protozoa nutrition |
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| heterotrophic; oral grooves; need moist environment; may come from plant or animal debris, living bacteria or algae, or host fluids or tissues |
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| classes of protozoa |
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| mastigiophora, sarcodina, ciliophora, apicomplex |
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| mastigiophora |
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| flagellates; divide by longitudinal division; some lack mitochondria and golgi; most live as single cells; most can form cysts |
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| examples of mastigiophora |
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| trypanosoma, leishmania, giardia, trichomonas |
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| sarcodina |
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| amoebas; divide by fission; most can form cysts; ex. entamoeba |
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| ciliophora |
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| cilliates; can undergo conjugation; divide by fission; most have oral groove and a feeding organelle; most form cysts; most are harmless |
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| apicomplex |
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| motility is absent (except in male gametes); asexual and sexual stages; all are parasites; ex. plasmodium and taxoplasma |
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| helminths |
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| eggs and larvae require microscope but adults do not; all are multicellular; highly developed reproductive potential |
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| two major groups of helminths |
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| flatworms and roundworms |
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| flatworms |
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| helminths of thin, segmented body |
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| cestodes |
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| helminth; tapeworm; all hermaphodites |
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| roundworms |
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| helminth; elongated, cylindrical, unsegemnted bodies; males and females are distinct; nematodes |
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| major lifecycle stages of helminths |
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| embryo, larval, adult; can only be completed by transmitting an infective from the body of another host (larval development- intermediate host; adulthood and mating - definitve host) |
