Chapter 4: Visual Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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TISSUES
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COLLECTIONS OF CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS THAT PERFORM A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS
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HISTOLOGY
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THE STUDY OF TISSUES
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THE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUE
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EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE, MUSCLE, AND NEURAL
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THE PURPOSE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
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COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES, LINES INTERNAL PASSAGEWAYS AND CHAMBERS, AND FORMS SECRETORY GLANDS
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THE PURPOSE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FILLS INTERNAL SPACES, PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, AND STORES ENERGY
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THE PURPOSE OF MUSCLE TISSUE
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CONTRACTS TO PRODUCE MOVEMENT AND INCLUDES SKELETAL, CARDIAC, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE
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THE PURPOSE OF NEURAL TISSUE
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CONDUCTS ELECTRICAL IMPULSES AND CARRIES INFORMATION
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MICROSCOPY
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THE USE OF MICROSCOPES
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SIMPLE MICROSCOPES
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HAS ONLY ONE LENS
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COMPOUND MICROSCOPES
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HAS MORE THAN ONE LENS
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LIGHT MICROSCOPE
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OPTICAL INSTRUMENT THAT DIRECTS VISIBLE LIGHT THROUGH A THIN SECTION OF TISSUE
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REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
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HOLDS SEVERAL OBJECTIVE LENSES OF PROGRESSIVE MAGNIFYING POWER
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TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
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CALCULATED BY MULTIPLYING THE MAGNIFICATION OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS TIMES THAT OF THE OCULAR LENS
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RESOLUTION
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THE MICROSCOPE'S ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TWO SEPARATE POINTS OR OBJECTS
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TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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USES MAGNETS TO DIRECT A BEAM OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THE SURFACE OF A FINELY SECTIONED OBJECT ONTO A PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE
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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
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BOMBARDS A SPECIMEN WITH ELECTRON BEAMS
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GLANDS
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ORGANIZED GROUPS OF CELLS OR ORGANS THAT SYNTHESIZE SUBSTANCES FOR SECRETION
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EXOCRINE GLANDS
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SECRETE ONTO EXTERNAL SURFACES OR INTO DUCTS THAT CONNECT TO THE EXTERIOR
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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SECRETE HORMONES OR THEIR INACTIVE PRECURSORS INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID THAT THEN ENTER THE BLOODSTREAM FOR DISTRIBUTION
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APICAL SURFACE
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FACES THE EXTERIOR OF THE BODY OR SOME INTERNAL SPACE
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BASE
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ATTACHES EPITHELIAL CELLS TO ADJACENT TISSUES
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POLARITY
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REFERS TO THE PRESENCE OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EXPOSED AND ATTACHED SURFACES
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LUMEN
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PASSAGEWAY THAT THE APICAL SURFACE OF AN EPITHELIAL TUBE IS EXPOSED TO THE INSIDE OF
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BASOLATERAL SURFACES
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INCLUDE BOTH THE BASE WHERE THE CELL ATTACHES TO UNDERLYING EPITHELIAL CELLS OR DEEPER TISSUES AND THE SIDES WHERE THE CELL CONTACTS ITS NEIGHBORS
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THE THREE BASIC SHAPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
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SQUAMOUS, CUBOIDAL, AND COLUMNAR
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STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
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CONTAINS SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS
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TIGHT JUNCTIONS
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CHARACTERISTIC OF EPITHELIAL CELLS LINING THE INTESTINAL TRACT WHERE THEY FORM A BARRIER THAT ISOLATES THE BASOLATERAL SURFACES AND DEEPER TISSUES FROM THE CONTENTS OF THE LU,EM
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ADHESION BELT
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LOCKS TOGETHER THE TERMINAL WEBS OF NEIGHBORING CELLS, STRENGTHENING THE APICAL REGION AND PREVENTION DISTORTION AND LEAKAGE AT THE OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS
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GAP JUNCTIONS
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PERMIT CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION THAT COORDINATES THE ACTIVITIES OF ADJACENT CELLS
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DESMOSOMES
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PROVIDE FIRM ATTACHMENT BETWEEN NEIGHBORING CELLS BY INTERLOCKING THEIR CYTOSKELETONS
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HEMIDISOMES
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ATTACH THE DEEPEST EPITHELIAL CELLS TO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE
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CONNEXONS
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INTERLOCKING TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT HOLD TOGETHER CELLS
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CELL ADHESION MOLECULES (CAM)
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TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS THAT BIND TO EACH OTHER AND EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS
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HYALURONAN
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THIN LAYER OF PROTEOGLYCANS THAT CONTAIN POLYSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES
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AVASCULAR
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LACKS BLOOD VESSELS
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SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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THIN, FLAT, SOMEWHAT IRREGULARLY SHAPED CELLS
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MESOTHELIUM
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LINES THE PERICARDIAL, PLEURAL, AND PERITONEAL BODY CAVITIES
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ENDOTHELIUM
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THE SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM LINING THE INNER SURFACE OF THE HEART AND ALL BLOOD VESSELS
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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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GENERALLY LOCATED WHERE MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL STRESSES ARE SEVERE
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KERATINIZED
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APICAL LAYERS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE PACKED WITH FILAMENTS OF THE PROTEIN KERATIN
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NONKERATINIZED
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RESISTS ABRASION BUT WILL DRY OUT AND DETERIORATE UNLESS KEPT MOIST
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CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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CELLS THAT RESEMBLE HEXAGONAL BOXES
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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PROVIDES LIMITED PROTECTION AND OCCURS WHERE SECRETION OR ABSORPTION TAKES PLACE
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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIA
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LOCATED ALONG THE DUCTS OF SWEAT GLANDS AND IN THE LARGER DUCTS OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS
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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
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TOLERATES REPEATED CYCLES OF STRETCHING AND RECOILING WITHOUT DAMAGE
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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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TALL, SLENDER, DENSELY PACKED, HEXAGONAL CELLS
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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TYPICALLY FOUND WHERE ABSORPTION OR SECRETION TAKES PLACE
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF CELLS WITH VARYING SHAPES AND FUNCTIONS
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STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIA
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MOST OFTEN FOUND LINING LARGE DUCTS SUCH AS THOSE OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS OR PANCREAS
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MUCIN
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MEROCRINE SECRETION THAT MIXES WITH WATER TO FORM MUCUS
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MUCUS
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EFFECTIVE LUBRICANT, PROTECTIVE BARRIER, AND STICKY TRAP FOR FOREIGN PARTICLES AND MICROORGANISMS
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SIMPLE GLAND
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HAS A SINGLE DUCT THAT DOES NOT DIVIDE ON ITS WAY TO THE GLAND CELLS
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COMPOUND GLAND
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THE DUCT DIVIDES ONE OR MORE TIES ON ITS WAY TO THE GLAND CELLS
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TUBULOALVEOLAR
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GLANDS WHOSE SECRETORY CELLS FORM BOTH TUBES AND SACS
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MUCOUS CELLS
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SECRETE MUCIN FOR PRODUCTION OF MUCUS
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GROUND SUBSTANCE
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FILLS THE SPACES BETWEEN CELLS, AND SURROUNDS TISSUE FIBERS
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MATRIX
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MADE OF EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS AND GROUND SUBSTANCE AND TYPICALLY ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF THE VOLUME OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
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INCLUDES THOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES WITH MANY TYPES OF CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS IN A SYRUPY GROUND SUBSTANCE
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FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUES
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HAVE DISTINCTIVE POPULATIONS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN A WATERY MATRIX THAT CONTAINS DISSOLVED PROTEINS
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SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES
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PROTECT SOFT TISSUES AND SUPPORT THE WEIGHT OF PART OR ALL OF THE BODY
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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
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AREOLAR TISSUE, ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND RETICULAR TISSUE
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AREOLAR TISSUES
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MOST COMMON FORM OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND THE GENERAL PACKING MATERIAL IN THE BODY
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RETICULAR FIBERS
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FORM A BRANCHING NETWORK
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COLLAGEN FIBERS
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OFTEN FORM BUNDLES AND ARE VERY STRONG AND RESIST STRETCHING
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ELASTIC FIBERS
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SLENDER, BRANCHED AND VERY STRETCHY. THEY RECOIL TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTH AFTER STRETCHING OR DISTORTION
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MELANOCYTES
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A FIXED PIGMENT CELL THAT SYNTHESIZES MELANIN
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FIXED MACOPHAGES
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STATIONARY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS THAT ENGULF CELL DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS
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FIBROBLASTS
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FIXED CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE THE EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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ADIPOCYTES
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FAT CELLS THAT STORE LIPIDS IN LARGE EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES
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PLASMA CELLS
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WANDERING CELLS THAT ARE ACTIVE, MOBILE, IMMUNE CELLS THAT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
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FREE MACROPHAGES
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WANDERING PHAGOCYTIC CELLS THAT PATROL THE TISSUE, ENGULFING DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS
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MESENCHYMAL CELLS
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MOBILE STEM CELLS THAT REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUES
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NEUTROPHILS AND EOSINOPHILS
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SMALL, MOBILE PHAGOCYTIC BLOOD CELLS THAT ENTER TISSUES DURING INFECTION OR INJURY
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LYMPHOCYTES
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MOBILE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
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FOUND DEEP IN THE SKIN AND PROVIDES PADDING WITHIN THE ORBIT OF THE EYES AND IN THE EBDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
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RETICULAR TISSUE
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FOUND IN THE LIVER, KIDNEY, SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, AND BONE MARROW, WHERE IT FORMS A TOUGH, FLEXIBLE NETWORK THAT PROVIDES SUPPORT AND RESISTS DISTORTION
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STROMA
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THE COMPLEX THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUPPORTING NETWORK CREATED BY RETICULAR FIBERS
