Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization – Flashcards
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Which instrument is essential in the study of histology?
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microscope
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The tissue that always has an apical surface is
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epithelial tissue
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What are the four recognized tissue types?
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neural, connective, muscles, epithelial
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what is histology?
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the study of tissues
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which adhesion is required for cell-to-cell communications?
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gap junctions
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the tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom"
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epithelial
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the characteristics of epithelia include
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attachment, avascularity, polarity, regeneration
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the functions of epithelia include
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producing specialized secretions, controlling permeability, providing physical protection, absorption
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epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have what at their free surface?
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microvilli
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a type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n)
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occluding junction
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dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. such strong intercellular connections are called what
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desmosomes
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epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
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a basal lamina
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germinative cells
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divide continually to produce new epithelial cells
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Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have on free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely what tissue?
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epithelial
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Which epithelia is responsible for protection, secretion and absorption?
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stratified cuboidal
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which type of secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm
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apocrine
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which type of compound gland is found in salivary glands
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compound tubuloalveolar
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the most common cell type in dense regular connective tissue is the
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fibroblast
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cells that are flat and thin are classified as
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squamous
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glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are
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holocrine glands
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glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are
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endocrine glands
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secretions through a duct might provide _______ whereas ductless secretions act as __________.
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enzymes; hormones
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watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion?
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merocrine
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unicellular exocrine glands secrete
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mucus
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gland cells produce
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secretions
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which cell is present in many connective tissues that can differentiate into different types of cells?
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mesenchymal
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which white blood cell is important in removing foreign bacteria
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monocyte
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which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue
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fibroblast
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blood is which type of tissue
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connective
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the sticky material between cells of areolar connective tissue is called the
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ground substance
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the dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is
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collagen
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the three categories of connective tissues are
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connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues
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two classes of macrophages include
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fixed macrophages and free macrophages
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tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
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dense irregular connective tissues
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wharton's jelly is a form of
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mucous connective tissue
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the three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
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collagen, reticular, and elastic
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cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are
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macrophage
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cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are
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mesenchymal stem cells
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in areolar connective tissue, what cells release histamine
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mast
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the tissue that covers cartilage is the
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perichondrium
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bone is also called
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osseous tissue
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the most common type of cartilage is what cartilage
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hyaline
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a tissue with a gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is
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cartilage
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cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous
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perichondrium
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unlike cartilage, bone
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is highly vascular
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antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by what that blocks the growth of blood vessels
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chondrocytes
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a herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. what type of cartilage is affected
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fibrous cartilage
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the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity is the
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pleura
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the joint capsules are lined by what membrane type
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synovial
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the framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the
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superficial fascia
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what muscle tissue lack(s) microscopic striations
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smooth
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myosatellite cells are found within what muscle
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skeletal
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intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of
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cardiac muscle tissue
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which structure receives information typically from other neurons
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dendrite
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tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is what tissue
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neural
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what support, protect, and nourish nerve cells
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neuroglia
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mast cells in the process of stimulating an inflammatory response secrete what
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heparin, histamine, prostaglandins
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what assist in tissue repair by dividing
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mesenchymal stem cells
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secretions from what control the process of inflammation
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mast cells
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the body's first response to injury is
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inflammation
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the wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium
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simple squamous epithelium
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the proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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the epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue
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stratified squamous epithelium
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which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron
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soma
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which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei
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skeletal
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which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control
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smooth
