Chapter 4 anesthesia book – Flashcards
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What type of ET tube is this? has a beveled end and a side hole called the murphy eye and may or may not have a cuff.
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Murphy
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What type of ET tube is this? have no cuff or side hole and designed with an abrupt decrease in diameter near the patient end of the tube
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Cole
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what are cole tubes used for?
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species that have complete tracheal rings, such as birds and some reptiles
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ET tube can be made of what?
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PVC, Red rubber, or silicone
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describe a PVC ET tube
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-transparent -stiffer than other types -stiffness minimizes risk of tube collapse -stiffness increases risk of trauma to tracheal mucosa during placement
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describe red rubber tubes
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-more flexible -less traumatic -more prone to kinking or collapse (Especially if small) -may absorb disinfectant solutions -dry/crack after prolonged use -
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ET tube containing a coil of metal or nylon embedded in the wall that is designed to resist kinking or collapse from external pressure
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spiral/anode tubes
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describe silicone tubes
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-more expensive -resistant to collapse -less irritating to tissues
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The size for ET tube is expressed as?
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internal diameter (ID) in millimeters
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1 mm ET tube for? A. exotics B. young domestic animals C. mature large domestic animals D. pediatric animals
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A. exotics
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30 mm ET tube for? A. Young domestic animals B. exotics C. mature large animals D. pediatric animals
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C. mature large animals
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T or F the machine end minimizes the risk of patient asphyxiation in the event that the end hole is blocked with mucus
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F. the murphy eye
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what part of the ET tube is connected to the breathing circuit of the anesthetic machine via the connector A. murphy eye B. cuff C. machine end D. connector
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C. machine end
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T or F the cuff is inflated to create a seal between the tube and the trachea
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T
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During intubation of animals why should a cuffed ET tube be used?
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-inflated cuff helps prevent leakage of air and gases around the tube, reducing waste gas pollution -minimizes risk of aspiration of blood, saliva, vomitus, and other material into the lungs -prevents animal from breathing room air
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two types of cuffs
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-high volume/low pressure -low volume/high pressure
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type of cuff that distributes pressure evenly along the entire length of the cuff
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High volume/low pressure
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T or F if the ET tube extends beyond the rostral aspect of the mouth it will decrease mechanical dead space resulting in hypoventilation
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F it will increase mech dead space
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Two types of laryngoscope blades
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-miller = straight -Mcintosh= curved
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T of false laryngoscopes are not generally used in adult cattle, which are intubated by digital palpation and horses which are intubated blindly
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T
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device used to maintian an open airway in an anesthetized patient that connects with the opening of the glottis, allowing anesthetist to manage the airway without invading the tracheal lumen
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supraglottic airway device (SAD)
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the primary carrier gas used in anesthetic machines
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Oxygen (O2)
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Most common liquid inhalant anesthetic
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isoflurane sevoflurane
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Fill in the blank exhaled gases containing _______ must be moved away from patient either by a scavenging system or recirculated and removed during recirculation
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carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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How to deliver O2 to patients with the anesthetic machine
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the vaporizer is turned off and the breathing circuit is used to deliver oxygen directly to the patient via ET tube or mask
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supplies carrier gases
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compressed gas supply
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vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases
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anesthetic vaporizer
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coveys the carrier gases and anesthetic inhalant to the patient and removes exhaled CO2
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breathing circuit
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disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases
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scavenging system
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fill in the blank A machine configured with a precision vaporizer and non-rebreathing circuit is used for patients under ________
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2.5-3 kg and may be used for patients up to 7 kg
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tidal volume
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volume of a normal breath (10-15 mL/kg)
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T or F anesthetized patients breathing room air often have lower tissue oxygen
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T
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fill in the blank total volume of inspired oxygen is lower. so increase the concentration of oxygen in inspired air to at least _____ %
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30%
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What contains a large volume of carrier gas in a highly pressurized state as much as 2200psi or 15000kPa
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compressed gas cylinders
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3 gases stored in compressed gas cylinders
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-O2 -nitrious oxide -medical air
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2 types of compressed gas cylinders
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-E tanks (attached directly to yoke of anes machine) -H tanks (larger)
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T or F regarding compressed gas cylinders turn the tank on only when it is attached to a yoke or pressure regulator
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T
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what color are oxygen tanks?
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green
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which tank is equipped with a pin-index safety system to prevent the wrong gas from being connected to the yoke
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E tank
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what do bulk tanks contain?
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large quantity of oxygen in liquid form
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device that uses a compressor and special absorbent to extract nitrogen from room air
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oxygen concentrator
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device attached to the yoke of the machine or the pressure regulator of an H tank that indicates the pressure of gas remaining in a compressed gas cylinder
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tank pressure gauge
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how to calculate the volume in L of oxygen present in a compressed gas cylinder for E and H tanks
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-E: multiply pressure in psi of tank by 0.3 -H: by 3
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when should a tank be changed? at what amount of L or psi?
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<500 psi (150L)
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Fill in the blank pressure reducing valves reduce the pressure of the gas to a constant safe operating pressure of ____ to ____ psi
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40-50
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After leaving the pressure reducing valve, the carrier gas flows through an intermediate pressure gas line into the?
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flowmeter
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T or F the flow meter also increases the pressure of the gas
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F. it decreases pressure
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pressure read on manometer should not exceed what?
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20 cm H2O
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explain VOC
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vaporizer out of circuit. vaporizer is not located within the breathing circuit . oxygen from the flowmeters flows into the vaporizer before entering the breathing circuit
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T or F the amount of carrier gas that flows through the vaporization chamber determines the anesthetic output
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T
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respiratory minute volume
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total amount of gas a patient inhales or exhales in 1 minute
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back pressure
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an increase in pressure at the vaporizer outlet port caused by manual ventilation or activation of the oxygen flush valve
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T or F After using a non-rebreathing circuit, the connector of the rebreathing circuit must be reattached to the outlet port or common gas outlet before the next patient is anesthetized
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T
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Rebreathing systems are not good for patients under
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2.5-3 kg
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Explain how gases exhaled by patient travel in a rebreathing system
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gases travel trough the expiratory breathing tube and the expiratory unidirectional valve, enter the CO2 absorber canister, go past the reservoir bag, pop off valve and pressure manometer and back toward the patient through inspiratory unidirectional valve and inspiratory breathing tube
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exhaled gases
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CO2 O2 nitrogen water vapor nitrous oxide
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closed rebreathing system
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pop off valve can be kept nearly or completely closed and the flow of oxygen is low
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which is more commonly used? A. closed rebreathing system B. semiclosed
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B.semiclosed
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Rebreathing circuit consists of
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-fresh gas inlet -Unidirectional valve -pop off valve -CO2 absorber canister -Pressure manometer -air intake valve -breathing tubes -Y piece
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Fresh gas inlet
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point at which carrier an anesthetic gases enter the breathing circuit
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Main function of pop off valve
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allow excess carrier and anesthetic gases to exit from breathing circuit and enter scavenging system
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T or F when manual ventilation is provided the pop off valve is closed before the bag is pressed. after each breath the pop valve must be opened again to allow the escape the gases
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T
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T or F the respiratory rate/ depth cannot be estimated by observing movement of the bag (resevior)
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F, it cannot
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Atelectasis
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collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs
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500 mL resevoir bags for?
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small animals
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T or F The VT is considered to be approximately 10 mL/kg in most anesthetized animals
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T
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how to disinfect anesthetic equipment
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Chlorhexidine gluconate glutaraldehyde (trained ppl use) ethelyne oxide (trained ppl use)
