Chapter 4, 5, 7 Sociology – Flashcards

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CHAPTER 4
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CHAPTER 4
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Socialization
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Learning the attitudes, values, behaviors. (operational defintion)
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Personality
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Individual's behaviors, attitudes, values.
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Psychologist Sigmund Freud studied the relationship between ___________________ gratification and human development.
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Sexual
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The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture is called________________________
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Socialization
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During the game stage, children begin to________________________________
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- Consider the effect their behavior has on others. - Grasp their own social positions as well as those of others. - Consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously.
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In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the______________________ stage is when children begin to understand not only their own social positions but also those of others around them.
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Game
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Transitions that bring about changes in one's life are called rites of______________________
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Passage
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Family, schools, mass media, and the state are considered______________________ socialization.
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Agents of
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What reflects the importance of human contact in the socialization process?
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- Toddler's social interaction with peers is critical for emotional growth. - Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively. - Human relationships are shaped through socialization.
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According to George Herbert Mead, when children enter the play stage of development they begin to_________________________
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Pretend to be other people and engage in role-playing.
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What are the three steps of the process of developing a self-identity according to Cooley's concept of looking-glass self?
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1. We imagine how we present ourselves to others. 2. We imagine how others evaluate us. 3. We develop feelings about ourselves as a result of various impressions.
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Macro sociology
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Focuses on the transmission of a culture from one generation to the next.
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Micro sociology
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Focuses on how individuals learn to behave properly in regards to society's norms and values.
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What do sociologists examine when considering gender roles in our society?
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Culturally defined behaviors and attitudes of men and women.
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Susan is texting on her cell phone while taking an exam. When her professor walks towards her desk, she hides the phone so she appears to be focused on the exam. Susan is engaging in_________________________
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Impression Management
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The two types of socialization that occur at many points throughout life are anticipatory socialization and________________________
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Resocialization
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According to George Herbert Mead, the self is developed through what three stages?
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- preparatory, play, and game.
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The self is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others and_____________________
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Is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life.
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The self is a(n)________________________ identity that sets us apart from others and continues to develop and change throughout our lives.
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Distinct
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During the 1970s researcher Harry Harlow conducted studies on rhesus monkeys. A creative aspect of Harlow's experiment was his use of "artificial mothers," in which monkeys raised in isolation were given a substitute mother. One mother was a cloth-covered replica, and the other was covered with wire but had the ability to provide milk. What were some of Harlow's findings?
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- The monkey's social attachments depended more on warmth and intimacy than on getting food. - The monkey's only went to the wire mother to feed. - The monkey's spent more time with the cloth mother.
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Definition for Mead's theory of the self.
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The self begins at a person's most self-centered point.
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As children grow older, the family's influence becomes_____________________ important to their social development.
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Less
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What is true of the looking-glass self?
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- It is subject to change. - It may be an inaccurate perception of how other's view us.
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The debate over how human development is shaped is referred to as______________________
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Nature vs Nurture
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Jean Piaget argued that social interaction is key to development. As children grow older, they pay more and more attention to_________________________
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- How other people think. - Why people act in particular ways.
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True or False? As children develop skills in communicating through symbols and begin to pretend to be other people, they gradually become more aware of social relationships.
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True
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What is true about media?
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The media are not always a negative socializing influence.
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Recent studies involving identical twins note that certain characteristics appeared to be strikingly similar even in twins reared apart. What were some of these characteristics?
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- temperaments - Nervous habits - Voice patterns
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The phrase "looking-glass self" refers to our view of ourselves that comes from_______________________
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- Imagining how we present ourselves to others. - Contemplation to our personal qualities. - Our impressions of how others perceive us.
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True or False? As we grow up and grow older, peers increasingly assume the role of Mead's significant others.
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True
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What about total institutions defined by Erving Goffman is true?
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- People often lose their individuality within total institutions. - Total institutions are generally cut off from the rest of society.
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In 1971 researcher Harry Harlow conducted a study on rhesus monkeys, in which he compared monkeys that were raised in isolation from their mothers and other monkeys with those that were not raised in isolation. What were some of the characteristics of the monkeys that were raised in isolation?
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- The monkey's were fearful and easily frightened. - The females who were artificially inseminated became abusive mothers. - The monkeys did not mate.
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The process whereby an individual rejects former patterns of thought and/or behavior and accepts new ones is called_____________________
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Resocialization
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According to Mead, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as_____________________
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Role taking
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Learning to behave appropriately at work represents
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A fundamental aspect of occupational socialization.
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What type of socialization is most intense during the transition from school to the workplace?
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Occupational
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George Herbert Mead was the first sociologist to analyze the relationship of symbols to_____________________________
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Socialization
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The theory of the self as a matter of learning to assume the perspective of others was developed by which sociologist?
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George Herbert Mead
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_____________________ was among the first sociologists to analyze the connection between symbols and socialization.
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George Herbert Mead
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The term_____________________ refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children learn to take into account in their behavior.
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Generalized other
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A young woman decides she wants to become a professional model, so she surfs the Internet for information and attends modeling classes. This is an example of________________________
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Anticipatory Socialization
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Which agents of socialization play the most critical role in guiding children into gender role expectations?
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Parents
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Personality refers to_______________________
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A person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviors.
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The process of socialization is a(n)_____________________________
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Lifelong process.
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Both government and_______________________ shape the socialization process by regulating the life course and influencing behavior at particular ages.
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Religion
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Children play a(n)________________________ role in socialization because they influence and alter their family, school, and peers.
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Active
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We would use the________________________ to understand the behavior of a young man who says he really had no interest in a woman who has just rejected him.
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Dramaturgical Approach
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Which of the following best defines occupational socialization?
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Behavior that people learn where they work.
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The term "generalized other" refers to___________________________
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The idea that individual acts influence whole groups.
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What are the four steps for the development of children's thought processes in Piaget's theory?
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Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
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Even though children are highly influenced by their peer group and the mass media, the__________________________ exerts more influence in their socialization then any other agent.
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Family
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According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, people's social interactions resemble those of___________________________
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Stage performers in action.
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According to Goffman, maintaining a proper image of the self during social interaction is known as______________________________
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Face-work.
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_________________________ were the first sociologists to pioneer the interactionist approach and further understanding to an individual's sense of self.
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Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.
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As in most societies, the most important agent of socialization for children in the United States is_________________________
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The family.
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If children read or hear negative messages about their race, their____________________ development can be affected.
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Social
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___________________________ others are those individuals who play a crucial role in developing an individual's self.
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Significant
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CHAPTER 5
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CHAPTER 5
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According to Max Weber there are five basic characteristics that make up an ideal bureaucratic structure. Which of the following five are those basic characteristics?
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1. Written rules and regulations. 2. Hierarchy of authority. 3. Employment based on technical qualifications. 4. Impersonality. 5. Division of Labor.
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An ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor, hierarchy of authority, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications, and_____________________________
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Written rules and regulations.
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Primary group
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- Someone's parents and siblings. - A small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. - Small and personal.
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Secondary Group
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- Fellow members of a national association. - A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. - Formal, impersonal, and can be large.
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In-Group
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Any group to which people feel they belong.
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Out-Group
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- Any group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
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Reference Group
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- Wall street financiers to a finance major. - Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. - The group others compare themselves to.
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Coalition
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An alliance that is geared toward a common goal.
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Social Network
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Social relationships that link a person directly and indirectly to others.
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A person having a difficult time performing all of the duties required by their difficult and demanding job is experiencing role________________________
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Strain
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Lee is supervising her best friend at work and must admonish him for a policy violation; she will likely experience role___________________________
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Conflict
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You are a Native American who left the reservation to attend college and obtain a law degree. After working many years with various law firms, you return home to help your tribe. While trying to do the best for your people, members of your tribe regard you as too White, whereas members of the White community regard you with suspicion because you are Native American. This is an example of___________________________
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Role strain
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Students who expect their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to a(n)______________________ role.
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Social
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What elements are part of the social structure?
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Groups, statuses, social institutions, social networks, and social roles.
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Statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions are the five elements of social___________________________
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Structure
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Which of the following are types of statuses?
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Ascribed, master, and achieved.
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True or false? Race/ethnicity and gender often function as master statuses, affecting an individual's potential to achieve a desired professional or social status.
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True
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Everyone holds many different and sometimes conflicting statuses. The status that dominates the others and determines a person's general position in society is called the_____________________ status.
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Master
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________________ refers to socially defined positions within a group or society.
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Status
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Role Conflict
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A woman with a business dinner scheduled on the same day as her son's birthday party.
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Role Strain
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A man who finds it difficult to meet the expectations of his job.
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Role Exit
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A child transitioning from living at home to living in a college dormitory.
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Social Role
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A New York cab driver who is expected to know how to get around the city.
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What are the four stages of role exit in order?
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1. Doubt 2. Search for alternatives 3. Action or departure 4. Creation of a new identity
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A number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with each other on a regular basis is known as a(n)_________________________
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Group
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The connections that individuals make with people in different social circles are known as social______________________
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Networks
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Sarah is looking for a job, and her friend Tyler tells his uncle who then tells his friend; this process is called________________________
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Networking
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Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society's core needs are met are called social__________________________
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Institutions
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Interactionist theorists believe that our social behavior is conditioned by______________________
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The groups to which we belong, the institutions within which we function, and the roles and statuses we accept.
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What type of status is assigned by society without regard to a person's unique talents or abilities?
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Ascibed
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"President of the United States," "mother," and "wife" are all examples of__________________ positions.
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Status
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Groups that play a pivotal role in the socialization process are called_________________________
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Primary Groups
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There are a number of functions that a social institution must fulfill to survive. What are some of those functions?
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Providing a sense of purpose, teaching new recruits, and preserving order.
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Which of the following are characteristics of a typical bureaucracy?
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Written rules and regulations, division of labor, and employment based on technical qualifications.
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Sociologists use the term social___________________ to describe the ways in which people respond to one another.
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Interaction
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Interactionists argue that reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluations, and____________________________
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Definitions
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The classical theory of formal organizations states that workers are motivated almost entirely by_________________________
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Economic awards
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A(n)________________________ is a group that is designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
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Formal organization
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What are some downsides of division of labor?
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- Alienation - - Weakens job security.
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Societal type: Hunting and gathering
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Relies on whatever foods and fibers are readily available; technology is minimal.
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Societal type: Horticultural
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Plants crops and places more emphasis on the production of tools and household objects.
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Societal type: Agrarian
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Engages primarily in the production of food, but new technological innovations such as the plow allow an increase in crop yields.
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Societal type: Industrial
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Depends on mechanization to produce goods and services; relies on new inventions and new sources of energy.
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Societal type: Postindustrial
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Relies primarily on the processing and control of information.
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Societal type: Postmodern
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Depends on consumer goods and media images.
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A type of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency is known as__________________________
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A bureaucracy
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In this type of community there is little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies.
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Gesellschaft
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In a society with few social roles and little division of labor and where most people can do many of the same things, people experience______________________________
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Which of the following statements about industrial society are true?
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- It relies on new sources of energy. - It depends on mechnization to produce its goods and services.
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What is a small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation called?
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Primary group
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Which of the following are characteristics of a formal organization?
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Designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
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According to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be__________________________
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- Motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. - Efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision. - A resource just like a machine.
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What is the modern, alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy?
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Humans relations approach
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The meanings we attach to someone's behavior tend to reflect the norms and values of_____________________________
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The dominant culture
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The process by which the principles of bureaucratization, namely predictability, efficiency, and dependence on non-human technology, are coming to dominate more sectors of U.S. and global society is called__________________________
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McDonaldization
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The sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and as such reinforce the process of rule by a few. Her referred to this idea as__________________________
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The iron law of oligarchy
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Gemeinschaft
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Rural life in which people have similar backgrounds; limited social change.
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Gesellschaft
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Urban life in which people do not have similar backgrounds; social change is evident.
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Effie had a solid education, a great attitude, and an eagerness to learn. As a result, she was steadily promoted to more responsible positions. After two years Effie was promoted to a director position, but she discovered she did not have the qualifications or skills the position required. Effie was a victim of___________________________
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The Peter Principle
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According to the sociologist Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people is that "human beings interpret or 'define' each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions." In other words, our response to other people's behavior is based on the__________________ we attach to their actions.
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Meaning
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Which of the following describes a group that individuals regard as others or "those people" or "them"?
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Out-people
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In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called_______________________________
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Which type of society is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images?
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Postmodern
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Your best friend decides that she likes the goth subculture. She begins to dress in black, hang out with new people, listen to new music, and act unlike her previous self. Sue has adopted the goths as a(n)_________________________
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Reference Group
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When a bureaucracy establishes a hierarchy of authority, which of the following can occur?
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- mistakes are hidden - employees know who is in command - employees do not have a voice in decision making
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Your boss is a stauch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from___________________________
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Goal Displacement
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The type of society where the economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information and the main output is services of manufactured goods is known as which of the following?
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Postindustrial
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Which of the following are characteristics of preindustrial societies?
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- they subsist one existing foods - they plant crops but have limited technologies - they create artifacts and pass them on from one generation to the next.
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Social reality is constructed from______________________
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- the ability of the dominant group to define the society's values. - a particular group's power within a society - social interaction
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According to the interactionist perspective, the meanings we attach to people's behaviors are shaped by our_______________________
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Interactions with them and with the larger society.
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The idea that even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few is called the iron law of__________________________
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Oligarchy
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Robert Merton referred to the overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations as goal_________________________
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Displacement
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A group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior is called a(n)____________________________
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Reference Group
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Members of which of the following groups have, by definition, a collective sense of "us"?
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In-group
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The sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a(n)_________________ society and the term Geseelschaft to refer to a(n)_________________ society.
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Close-knit; Impersonal
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When workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems, they are experiencing________________________
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Trained Incapacity
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What is an example of the ideal purpose of a coalition?
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Affluent and working-class residents working together to improve sidewalks and streets.
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Emile Durkheim used the term______________ to label a society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else.
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Mechanical Solidarity
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CHAPTER 7
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CHAPTER 7
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People_____________________ their superiors and________________________ their peers.
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Obey; confirm to
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Once people have had a stigma attached to their identities, they________________________
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- Often have trouble presenting a positive image to others. - May experience lowered self-esteem.
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Examples of conformity:
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- using recognizable slang with friends - dressing like peers - buying the latest pair of shoes - adopting a trendy hairstyle
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Example of obedience:
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- sitting in an assigned seat - stopping at a stop sign - paying taxes - meeting a deadline at work
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When an offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, this is considered by the government to be a______________________ crime.
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Hate
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True or false? According to sociologists, deviant behavior occurs because of genetic disposition.
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False
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What would most sociologists consider deviant?
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- violating group norms, whether the behavior is legal or illegal - anything that violates accepted social norms
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When school principal suspends a student, the principal is using or applying______________________
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Formal social control
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What kinds of behaviors are examples of informal social control?
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- laughing at someone's joke - making fun of someone who has demonstrated bad bahavior
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Crime refers to__________________
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Anything that violates criminal law
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The theory that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants and criminals, while others who engage in similar behavior are not is known as____________________ theory.
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Labeling
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The term "law" may be defined as______________________
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Government social control
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Social control can best be described as the techniques and strategies for preventing__________________ behavior in any group or society.
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Deviant
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Organized crime is_________________________
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The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities.
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What are some examples of white-collar crimes?
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- tax fraud - stock manipulation - corruption
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What are some index crimes that are tabulated each year by the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
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- motor vehicle theft - larceny-theft - assault
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According to______________________ theorists, socialization develops our self-control so well that we do not need further pressure to obey social norms.
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Control
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What types of statements represent social disorganization theory?
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- social problems increase when neighborhoods have deteriorating buildings and declining populations - crime and deviance increase when the absence or breakdown of communal relationships occurs.
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Obedience can best be defined as_____________________-
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Following the commands of a perceived authority.
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What would not be an example of informal social control?
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Sending someone to jail
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What are some examples of white-collar cybercrime?
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- online auction site scams - identity theft
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What are some examples of informal social control?
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- laughter - smiles - ridicule
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In which country was violent crime the most common during the 1980s and 1990s?
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usa
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The term "crime" refers to a violation of a___________________
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law
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Some of the critics of social disorganization theory argue that_____________________
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- seems to blame the victims - viable, healthy organizations that persist in troubled neighborhoods are ignored by the theorists.
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In general, the failure to behave according to society's norms can lead to what?
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- fear and ridicule - fines - jail sentences
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If most rapes are never reported to the police, how do we know they happen at all?
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Most of the women who tell researchers they were raped say they never reported their attack to the police.
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List the ways that organized crime infiltrates a society.
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- it can take over legitimate business - it gains influence over labor unions - protects merchants in exchange for a so-called tax
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The sociologist Edwin Sutherland used the term________________ for when people violate laws after being exposed to attitudes that are favorable to violation of the law.
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Differential association
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The impacts of stigmas on a society is that they__________________________
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Devalue members of a certain social groups.
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What are some crimes reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the Uniform Crime Report?
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- murder - robbery - rape - arson
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Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion, gender, age, and sexual orientation were difficult to implement because many people tacitly encouraged the_______________________ of such measures.
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Violation
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Even though physical and behavioral characteristics stigmatize people, oftentimes high technology crimes do not. What would be a socially tolerated form of deviance?
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- file sharing music - pirating DVDS and motion pictures - copying software to a computer without a license.
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Emile Durkheim suggested that punishments within a culture help define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social
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Stability
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Which term specifically refers to crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
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Transitional Crime
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True or False? Many people dispute the idea that behaviors such as excessive drinking and compulsive gambling are victimless crimes.
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True
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According to conflict theorists, lawmaking is usually a(n)_________________________
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Attempt by people in power to force their norms and values on others.
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According to the sociologist Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance, the most common adaptation to societal means and goals is______________________
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Conformity
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According to sociologist Travis Hirschi's control theory, people confirm to society's norms because________________________
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of their bonds to family, friends, and peers
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What kinds of things demonstrate how technology has negatively affected standards of social behavior?
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- uncivil chat room behavior - abusive voice mail - inappropriate posts to online discussion boards
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The term "differential justice" can best be defined as___________________________________
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The type of treatment that different races, ethnic groups, or social classes get from the criminal justice system.
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According to feminist criminologists, many of the existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only________________________
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Men in mind
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The term "differential association" describes the process through which___________________________
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Exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules.
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According to most functionalists, deviance is__________________________
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a common part of human existence and helps define limits of proper behavior.
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The sociologist Howard Becker made the statement that "deviant behavior is behavior that people so label." He is associated with which approach to deviance?
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Societal-reaction approach
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What are some transitional crimes according to the United Nations?
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- terrorism, bribery of public officials, and art theft
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What did Emile Durkheim claim as an important function of punishing deviants?
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It helps define acceptable behavior and thus contributes to social stability
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According to conflict theorists, criminal law does which of the following?
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Represents competing interests.
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What is considered a deviant behavior in the US?
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- drinking an entire bottle of vodka in one evening - chewing gum while giving a political speech - stealing a car
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In his experiment study on obedience, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram found that people______________________
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- were willing to obey authority figures and administer shocks to others - saw themselves as merely doing their duty or following orders by administering shocks to others - administered shocks to others and tended to shift responsibility for their behavior to an authority figure.
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If a criminal justice system treats a certain race or social class differently from another race or social class, it is displaying________________________
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Differential justice
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What is a new type of white-collar crime that emerged around the beginning of the twenty-first century?
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Cybercrime
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Feminist criminologists contend that_____________________
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Certain laws protect the rights of men above the rights of women
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Functionalists note that deviance creates both_______________ and___________________ consequences for social stability.
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Positive; negative
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What are five basic modes of adaptation to social norms according to Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
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Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
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Which school of thought emphasizes that one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others?
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Cultural Transmission
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What sociological theory of deviance argues that deviance is often a result of people being unable to meet the goals of society by following the means offered by society?
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Merton's anomie theory of deviance
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What kinds of statements about crime in the US are true?
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Both violent crime and property crime have dropped dramatically in the last 10 years.
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Sociologists view law as a process of___________________ standards of right and wrong and how, and to what degree, violators should be punished.
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Evolving
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Labeling theory proposes that a person's ability to resist a label from another individual depends on_____________________
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The amount of power the labeling individual has relative to the labeled person.
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A profession criminal is someone who_____________________
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Makes a business of committing crimes.
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Crime statistics in the US show______________________
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An indication of the level of certain crimes.
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