Chapter 4, 5, 7 Sociology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
CHAPTER 4
answer
CHAPTER 4
question
Socialization
answer
Learning the attitudes, values, behaviors. (operational defintion)
question
Personality
answer
Individual's behaviors, attitudes, values.
question
Psychologist Sigmund Freud studied the relationship between ___________________ gratification and human development.
answer
Sexual
question
The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture is called________________________
answer
Socialization
question
During the game stage, children begin to________________________________
answer
- Consider the effect their behavior has on others. - Grasp their own social positions as well as those of others. - Consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously.
question
In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the______________________ stage is when children begin to understand not only their own social positions but also those of others around them.
answer
Game
question
Transitions that bring about changes in one's life are called rites of______________________
answer
Passage
question
Family, schools, mass media, and the state are considered______________________ socialization.
answer
Agents of
question
What reflects the importance of human contact in the socialization process?
answer
- Toddler's social interaction with peers is critical for emotional growth. - Social isolation affects children's ability to communicate effectively. - Human relationships are shaped through socialization.
question
According to George Herbert Mead, when children enter the play stage of development they begin to_________________________
answer
Pretend to be other people and engage in role-playing.
question
What are the three steps of the process of developing a self-identity according to Cooley's concept of looking-glass self?
answer
1. We imagine how we present ourselves to others. 2. We imagine how others evaluate us. 3. We develop feelings about ourselves as a result of various impressions.
question
Macro sociology
answer
Focuses on the transmission of a culture from one generation to the next.
question
Micro sociology
answer
Focuses on how individuals learn to behave properly in regards to society's norms and values.
question
What do sociologists examine when considering gender roles in our society?
answer
Culturally defined behaviors and attitudes of men and women.
question
Susan is texting on her cell phone while taking an exam. When her professor walks towards her desk, she hides the phone so she appears to be focused on the exam. Susan is engaging in_________________________
answer
Impression Management
question
The two types of socialization that occur at many points throughout life are anticipatory socialization and________________________
answer
Resocialization
question
According to George Herbert Mead, the self is developed through what three stages?
answer
- preparatory, play, and game.
question
The self is a distinct identity that sets us apart from others and_____________________
answer
Is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout life.
question
The self is a(n)________________________ identity that sets us apart from others and continues to develop and change throughout our lives.
answer
Distinct
question
During the 1970s researcher Harry Harlow conducted studies on rhesus monkeys. A creative aspect of Harlow's experiment was his use of "artificial mothers," in which monkeys raised in isolation were given a substitute mother. One mother was a cloth-covered replica, and the other was covered with wire but had the ability to provide milk. What were some of Harlow's findings?
answer
- The monkey's social attachments depended more on warmth and intimacy than on getting food. - The monkey's only went to the wire mother to feed. - The monkey's spent more time with the cloth mother.
question
Definition for Mead's theory of the self.
answer
The self begins at a person's most self-centered point.
question
As children grow older, the family's influence becomes_____________________ important to their social development.
answer
Less
question
What is true of the looking-glass self?
answer
- It is subject to change. - It may be an inaccurate perception of how other's view us.
question
The debate over how human development is shaped is referred to as______________________
answer
Nature vs Nurture
question
Jean Piaget argued that social interaction is key to development. As children grow older, they pay more and more attention to_________________________
answer
- How other people think. - Why people act in particular ways.
question
True or False? As children develop skills in communicating through symbols and begin to pretend to be other people, they gradually become more aware of social relationships.
answer
True
question
What is true about media?
answer
The media are not always a negative socializing influence.
question
Recent studies involving identical twins note that certain characteristics appeared to be strikingly similar even in twins reared apart. What were some of these characteristics?
answer
- temperaments - Nervous habits - Voice patterns
question
The phrase "looking-glass self" refers to our view of ourselves that comes from_______________________
answer
- Imagining how we present ourselves to others. - Contemplation to our personal qualities. - Our impressions of how others perceive us.
question
True or False? As we grow up and grow older, peers increasingly assume the role of Mead's significant others.
answer
True
question
What about total institutions defined by Erving Goffman is true?
answer
- People often lose their individuality within total institutions. - Total institutions are generally cut off from the rest of society.
question
In 1971 researcher Harry Harlow conducted a study on rhesus monkeys, in which he compared monkeys that were raised in isolation from their mothers and other monkeys with those that were not raised in isolation. What were some of the characteristics of the monkeys that were raised in isolation?
answer
- The monkey's were fearful and easily frightened. - The females who were artificially inseminated became abusive mothers. - The monkeys did not mate.
question
The process whereby an individual rejects former patterns of thought and/or behavior and accepts new ones is called_____________________
answer
Resocialization
question
According to Mead, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as_____________________
answer
Role taking
question
Learning to behave appropriately at work represents
answer
A fundamental aspect of occupational socialization.
question
What type of socialization is most intense during the transition from school to the workplace?
answer
Occupational
question
George Herbert Mead was the first sociologist to analyze the relationship of symbols to_____________________________
answer
Socialization
question
The theory of the self as a matter of learning to assume the perspective of others was developed by which sociologist?
answer
George Herbert Mead
question
_____________________ was among the first sociologists to analyze the connection between symbols and socialization.
answer
George Herbert Mead
question
The term_____________________ refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children learn to take into account in their behavior.
answer
Generalized other
question
A young woman decides she wants to become a professional model, so she surfs the Internet for information and attends modeling classes. This is an example of________________________
answer
Anticipatory Socialization
question
Which agents of socialization play the most critical role in guiding children into gender role expectations?
answer
Parents
question
Personality refers to_______________________
answer
A person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behaviors.
question
The process of socialization is a(n)_____________________________
answer
Lifelong process.
question
Both government and_______________________ shape the socialization process by regulating the life course and influencing behavior at particular ages.
answer
Religion
question
Children play a(n)________________________ role in socialization because they influence and alter their family, school, and peers.
answer
Active
question
We would use the________________________ to understand the behavior of a young man who says he really had no interest in a woman who has just rejected him.
answer
Dramaturgical Approach
question
Which of the following best defines occupational socialization?
answer
Behavior that people learn where they work.
question
The term "generalized other" refers to___________________________
answer
The idea that individual acts influence whole groups.
question
What are the four steps for the development of children's thought processes in Piaget's theory?
answer
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
question
Even though children are highly influenced by their peer group and the mass media, the__________________________ exerts more influence in their socialization then any other agent.
answer
Family
question
According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach, people's social interactions resemble those of___________________________
answer
Stage performers in action.
question
According to Goffman, maintaining a proper image of the self during social interaction is known as______________________________
answer
Face-work.
question
_________________________ were the first sociologists to pioneer the interactionist approach and further understanding to an individual's sense of self.
answer
Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.
question
As in most societies, the most important agent of socialization for children in the United States is_________________________
answer
The family.
question
If children read or hear negative messages about their race, their____________________ development can be affected.
answer
Social
question
___________________________ others are those individuals who play a crucial role in developing an individual's self.
answer
Significant
question
CHAPTER 5
answer
CHAPTER 5
question
According to Max Weber there are five basic characteristics that make up an ideal bureaucratic structure. Which of the following five are those basic characteristics?
answer
1. Written rules and regulations. 2. Hierarchy of authority. 3. Employment based on technical qualifications. 4. Impersonality. 5. Division of Labor.
question
An ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor, hierarchy of authority, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications, and_____________________________
answer
Written rules and regulations.
question
Primary group
answer
- Someone's parents and siblings. - A small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. - Small and personal.
question
Secondary Group
answer
- Fellow members of a national association. - A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. - Formal, impersonal, and can be large.
question
In-Group
answer
Any group to which people feel they belong.
question
Out-Group
answer
- Any group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
question
Reference Group
answer
- Wall street financiers to a finance major. - Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. - The group others compare themselves to.
question
Coalition
answer
An alliance that is geared toward a common goal.
question
Social Network
answer
Social relationships that link a person directly and indirectly to others.
question
A person having a difficult time performing all of the duties required by their difficult and demanding job is experiencing role________________________
answer
Strain
question
Lee is supervising her best friend at work and must admonish him for a policy violation; she will likely experience role___________________________
answer
Conflict
question
You are a Native American who left the reservation to attend college and obtain a law degree. After working many years with various law firms, you return home to help your tribe. While trying to do the best for your people, members of your tribe regard you as too White, whereas members of the White community regard you with suspicion because you are Native American. This is an example of___________________________
answer
Role strain
question
Students who expect their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to a(n)______________________ role.
answer
Social
question
What elements are part of the social structure?
answer
Groups, statuses, social institutions, social networks, and social roles.
question
Statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, and social institutions are the five elements of social___________________________
answer
Structure
question
Which of the following are types of statuses?
answer
Ascribed, master, and achieved.
question
True or false? Race/ethnicity and gender often function as master statuses, affecting an individual's potential to achieve a desired professional or social status.
answer
True
question
Everyone holds many different and sometimes conflicting statuses. The status that dominates the others and determines a person's general position in society is called the_____________________ status.
answer
Master
question
________________ refers to socially defined positions within a group or society.
answer
Status
question
Role Conflict
answer
A woman with a business dinner scheduled on the same day as her son's birthday party.
question
Role Strain
answer
A man who finds it difficult to meet the expectations of his job.
question
Role Exit
answer
A child transitioning from living at home to living in a college dormitory.
question
Social Role
answer
A New York cab driver who is expected to know how to get around the city.
question
What are the four stages of role exit in order?
answer
1. Doubt 2. Search for alternatives 3. Action or departure 4. Creation of a new identity
question
A number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with each other on a regular basis is known as a(n)_________________________
answer
Group
question
The connections that individuals make with people in different social circles are known as social______________________
answer
Networks
question
Sarah is looking for a job, and her friend Tyler tells his uncle who then tells his friend; this process is called________________________
answer
Networking
question
Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society's core needs are met are called social__________________________
answer
Institutions
question
Interactionist theorists believe that our social behavior is conditioned by______________________
answer
The groups to which we belong, the institutions within which we function, and the roles and statuses we accept.
question
What type of status is assigned by society without regard to a person's unique talents or abilities?
answer
Ascibed
question
"President of the United States," "mother," and "wife" are all examples of__________________ positions.
answer
Status
question
Groups that play a pivotal role in the socialization process are called_________________________
answer
Primary Groups
question
There are a number of functions that a social institution must fulfill to survive. What are some of those functions?
answer
Providing a sense of purpose, teaching new recruits, and preserving order.
question
Which of the following are characteristics of a typical bureaucracy?
answer
Written rules and regulations, division of labor, and employment based on technical qualifications.
question
Sociologists use the term social___________________ to describe the ways in which people respond to one another.
answer
Interaction
question
Interactionists argue that reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluations, and____________________________
answer
Definitions
question
The classical theory of formal organizations states that workers are motivated almost entirely by_________________________
answer
Economic awards
question
A(n)________________________ is a group that is designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
answer
Formal organization
question
What are some downsides of division of labor?
answer
- Alienation - - Weakens job security.
question
Societal type: Hunting and gathering
answer
Relies on whatever foods and fibers are readily available; technology is minimal.
question
Societal type: Horticultural
answer
Plants crops and places more emphasis on the production of tools and household objects.
question
Societal type: Agrarian
answer
Engages primarily in the production of food, but new technological innovations such as the plow allow an increase in crop yields.
question
Societal type: Industrial
answer
Depends on mechanization to produce goods and services; relies on new inventions and new sources of energy.
question
Societal type: Postindustrial
answer
Relies primarily on the processing and control of information.
question
Societal type: Postmodern
answer
Depends on consumer goods and media images.
question
A type of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency is known as__________________________
answer
A bureaucracy
question
In this type of community there is little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies.
answer
Gesellschaft
question
In a society with few social roles and little division of labor and where most people can do many of the same things, people experience______________________________
answer
Mechanical Solidarity
question
Which of the following statements about industrial society are true?
answer
- It relies on new sources of energy. - It depends on mechnization to produce its goods and services.
question
What is a small group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation called?
answer
Primary group
question
Which of the following are characteristics of a formal organization?
answer
Designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency.
question
According to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be__________________________
answer
- Motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. - Efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision. - A resource just like a machine.
question
What is the modern, alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy?
answer
Humans relations approach
question
The meanings we attach to someone's behavior tend to reflect the norms and values of_____________________________
answer
The dominant culture
question
The process by which the principles of bureaucratization, namely predictability, efficiency, and dependence on non-human technology, are coming to dominate more sectors of U.S. and global society is called__________________________
answer
McDonaldization
question
The sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and as such reinforce the process of rule by a few. Her referred to this idea as__________________________
answer
The iron law of oligarchy
question
Gemeinschaft
answer
Rural life in which people have similar backgrounds; limited social change.
question
Gesellschaft
answer
Urban life in which people do not have similar backgrounds; social change is evident.
question
Effie had a solid education, a great attitude, and an eagerness to learn. As a result, she was steadily promoted to more responsible positions. After two years Effie was promoted to a director position, but she discovered she did not have the qualifications or skills the position required. Effie was a victim of___________________________
answer
The Peter Principle
question
According to the sociologist Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people is that "human beings interpret or 'define' each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions." In other words, our response to other people's behavior is based on the__________________ we attach to their actions.
answer
Meaning
question
Which of the following describes a group that individuals regard as others or "those people" or "them"?
answer
Out-people
question
In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called_______________________________
answer
Mechanical Solidarity
question
Which type of society is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images?
answer
Postmodern
question
Your best friend decides that she likes the goth subculture. She begins to dress in black, hang out with new people, listen to new music, and act unlike her previous self. Sue has adopted the goths as a(n)_________________________
answer
Reference Group
question
When a bureaucracy establishes a hierarchy of authority, which of the following can occur?
answer
- mistakes are hidden - employees know who is in command - employees do not have a voice in decision making
question
Your boss is a stauch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from___________________________
answer
Goal Displacement
question
The type of society where the economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information and the main output is services of manufactured goods is known as which of the following?
answer
Postindustrial
question
Which of the following are characteristics of preindustrial societies?
answer
- they subsist one existing foods - they plant crops but have limited technologies - they create artifacts and pass them on from one generation to the next.
question
Social reality is constructed from______________________
answer
- the ability of the dominant group to define the society's values. - a particular group's power within a society - social interaction
question
According to the interactionist perspective, the meanings we attach to people's behaviors are shaped by our_______________________
answer
Interactions with them and with the larger society.
question
The idea that even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few is called the iron law of__________________________
answer
Oligarchy
question
Robert Merton referred to the overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations as goal_________________________
answer
Displacement
question
A group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior is called a(n)____________________________
answer
Reference Group
question
Members of which of the following groups have, by definition, a collective sense of "us"?
answer
In-group
question
The sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a(n)_________________ society and the term Geseelschaft to refer to a(n)_________________ society.
answer
Close-knit; Impersonal
question
When workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems, they are experiencing________________________
answer
Trained Incapacity
question
What is an example of the ideal purpose of a coalition?
answer
Affluent and working-class residents working together to improve sidewalks and streets.
question
Emile Durkheim used the term______________ to label a society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else.
answer
Mechanical Solidarity
question
CHAPTER 7
answer
CHAPTER 7
question
People_____________________ their superiors and________________________ their peers.
answer
Obey; confirm to
question
Once people have had a stigma attached to their identities, they________________________
answer
- Often have trouble presenting a positive image to others. - May experience lowered self-esteem.
question
Examples of conformity:
answer
- using recognizable slang with friends - dressing like peers - buying the latest pair of shoes - adopting a trendy hairstyle
question
Example of obedience:
answer
- sitting in an assigned seat - stopping at a stop sign - paying taxes - meeting a deadline at work
question
When an offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, this is considered by the government to be a______________________ crime.
answer
Hate
question
True or false? According to sociologists, deviant behavior occurs because of genetic disposition.
answer
False
question
What would most sociologists consider deviant?
answer
- violating group norms, whether the behavior is legal or illegal - anything that violates accepted social norms
question
When school principal suspends a student, the principal is using or applying______________________
answer
Formal social control
question
What kinds of behaviors are examples of informal social control?
answer
- laughing at someone's joke - making fun of someone who has demonstrated bad bahavior
question
Crime refers to__________________
answer
Anything that violates criminal law
question
The theory that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants and criminals, while others who engage in similar behavior are not is known as____________________ theory.
answer
Labeling
question
The term "law" may be defined as______________________
answer
Government social control
question
Social control can best be described as the techniques and strategies for preventing__________________ behavior in any group or society.
answer
Deviant
question
Organized crime is_________________________
answer
The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities.
question
What are some examples of white-collar crimes?
answer
- tax fraud - stock manipulation - corruption
question
What are some index crimes that are tabulated each year by the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
answer
- motor vehicle theft - larceny-theft - assault
question
According to______________________ theorists, socialization develops our self-control so well that we do not need further pressure to obey social norms.
answer
Control
question
What types of statements represent social disorganization theory?
answer
- social problems increase when neighborhoods have deteriorating buildings and declining populations - crime and deviance increase when the absence or breakdown of communal relationships occurs.
question
Obedience can best be defined as_____________________-
answer
Following the commands of a perceived authority.
question
What would not be an example of informal social control?
answer
Sending someone to jail
question
What are some examples of white-collar cybercrime?
answer
- online auction site scams - identity theft
question
What are some examples of informal social control?
answer
- laughter - smiles - ridicule
question
In which country was violent crime the most common during the 1980s and 1990s?
answer
usa
question
The term "crime" refers to a violation of a___________________
answer
law
question
Some of the critics of social disorganization theory argue that_____________________
answer
- seems to blame the victims - viable, healthy organizations that persist in troubled neighborhoods are ignored by the theorists.
question
In general, the failure to behave according to society's norms can lead to what?
answer
- fear and ridicule - fines - jail sentences
question
If most rapes are never reported to the police, how do we know they happen at all?
answer
Most of the women who tell researchers they were raped say they never reported their attack to the police.
question
List the ways that organized crime infiltrates a society.
answer
- it can take over legitimate business - it gains influence over labor unions - protects merchants in exchange for a so-called tax
question
The sociologist Edwin Sutherland used the term________________ for when people violate laws after being exposed to attitudes that are favorable to violation of the law.
answer
Differential association
question
The impacts of stigmas on a society is that they__________________________
answer
Devalue members of a certain social groups.
question
What are some crimes reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the Uniform Crime Report?
answer
- murder - robbery - rape - arson
question
Historically, legal measures aimed at blocking discrimination based on race, religion, gender, age, and sexual orientation were difficult to implement because many people tacitly encouraged the_______________________ of such measures.
answer
Violation
question
Even though physical and behavioral characteristics stigmatize people, oftentimes high technology crimes do not. What would be a socially tolerated form of deviance?
answer
- file sharing music - pirating DVDS and motion pictures - copying software to a computer without a license.
question
Emile Durkheim suggested that punishments within a culture help define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social
answer
Stability
question
Which term specifically refers to crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
answer
Transitional Crime
question
True or False? Many people dispute the idea that behaviors such as excessive drinking and compulsive gambling are victimless crimes.
answer
True
question
According to conflict theorists, lawmaking is usually a(n)_________________________
answer
Attempt by people in power to force their norms and values on others.
question
According to the sociologist Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance, the most common adaptation to societal means and goals is______________________
answer
Conformity
question
According to sociologist Travis Hirschi's control theory, people confirm to society's norms because________________________
answer
of their bonds to family, friends, and peers
question
What kinds of things demonstrate how technology has negatively affected standards of social behavior?
answer
- uncivil chat room behavior - abusive voice mail - inappropriate posts to online discussion boards
question
The term "differential justice" can best be defined as___________________________________
answer
The type of treatment that different races, ethnic groups, or social classes get from the criminal justice system.
question
According to feminist criminologists, many of the existing approaches to deviance and crime were developed with only________________________
answer
Men in mind
question
The term "differential association" describes the process through which___________________________
answer
Exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules.
question
According to most functionalists, deviance is__________________________
answer
a common part of human existence and helps define limits of proper behavior.
question
The sociologist Howard Becker made the statement that "deviant behavior is behavior that people so label." He is associated with which approach to deviance?
answer
Societal-reaction approach
question
What are some transitional crimes according to the United Nations?
answer
- terrorism, bribery of public officials, and art theft
question
What did Emile Durkheim claim as an important function of punishing deviants?
answer
It helps define acceptable behavior and thus contributes to social stability
question
According to conflict theorists, criminal law does which of the following?
answer
Represents competing interests.
question
What is considered a deviant behavior in the US?
answer
- drinking an entire bottle of vodka in one evening - chewing gum while giving a political speech - stealing a car
question
In his experiment study on obedience, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram found that people______________________
answer
- were willing to obey authority figures and administer shocks to others - saw themselves as merely doing their duty or following orders by administering shocks to others - administered shocks to others and tended to shift responsibility for their behavior to an authority figure.
question
If a criminal justice system treats a certain race or social class differently from another race or social class, it is displaying________________________
answer
Differential justice
question
What is a new type of white-collar crime that emerged around the beginning of the twenty-first century?
answer
Cybercrime
question
Feminist criminologists contend that_____________________
answer
Certain laws protect the rights of men above the rights of women
question
Functionalists note that deviance creates both_______________ and___________________ consequences for social stability.
answer
Positive; negative
question
What are five basic modes of adaptation to social norms according to Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
answer
Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
question
Which school of thought emphasizes that one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others?
answer
Cultural Transmission
question
What sociological theory of deviance argues that deviance is often a result of people being unable to meet the goals of society by following the means offered by society?
answer
Merton's anomie theory of deviance
question
What kinds of statements about crime in the US are true?
answer
Both violent crime and property crime have dropped dramatically in the last 10 years.
question
Sociologists view law as a process of___________________ standards of right and wrong and how, and to what degree, violators should be punished.
answer
Evolving
question
Labeling theory proposes that a person's ability to resist a label from another individual depends on_____________________
answer
The amount of power the labeling individual has relative to the labeled person.
question
A profession criminal is someone who_____________________
answer
Makes a business of committing crimes.
question
Crime statistics in the US show______________________
answer
An indication of the level of certain crimes.
