question

One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s was

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a drastic decline in worker productivity (shifting economy to service sector)

question

By the early 1970s, the post WWII economic boom had crested as a result of

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a decline in competitive advantage of American business, the Vietnam war, a slump in productivity, economic recovery of Japan and West Germany

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The Vietnam war and funding the Great Society led to

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a drastic inflation

question

high inflation rate of 1970s stemmed primarily from

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LBJ refusal to raise taxes for social welfare

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the poor economic performance of 70s brought an abrupt end to

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the liberal dream that affluent USA could spend its way to social justice

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The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that USA would

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honor its existing defense commitment, but that in future, its allies would have to fight their own wars without lg #'s of US troops

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Perhaps Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his

answer

expertise in foreign affairs

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President Richard Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" of the war in Vietnam called for

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a gradual handover of the ground war to South Vietnamese

question

Nixon's Vietnam policy included

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Vietnamization, extension of war into Cambodia & Laos, reorganization of US Army in Vietnam into anti-guerrilla units, a de-emphasis on military assaults in favor of Vietnamese social reform

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US armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of

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the least privileged young Americans

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The 26th Amendment

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Lowered the voting age to 18

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The top secret "Pentagon Papers," leaked & published in 1971

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exposed the deception (by US presidents & their administrations) that had led USA into Vietnam War

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President Nixon's chief foreign policy advisor was

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Henry Kissinger

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Pres Nixon's policy of détente

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ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between USA & 2 leading communist nations, China & USSR

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Decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflects its

answer

deep concern for the individual

question

Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it worked to undermine & overthrow the leftist gov't of

answer

Chile

question

In Griswold v. Connecticut (1962), Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on

answer

A right of privacy

question

Critics of Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren complained that the Court

answer

was ignoring the Constitution in favor of its own social values

question

Warren Burger replaced Earl Warren as Chief Justice

answer

appointed by Nixon as conservative on the bench

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When it came to welfare programs, Nixon

answer

supported significant expansion in many areas (p.953) Ex. Food Stamps, Medicaid, AFDC, Social Security, Affirmative Action all increased Affirmative Action helped women more so than Af-Am's War on Drugs began w/Nixon too

question

Nixon's Philadelphia Plan

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required construction trade unions to establish timetables & goals for hiring black apprentices (Affirmative Action)

question

Difference between LBJ's "affirmative action" programs & Nixon's was

answer

LBJ intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups

question

All were created during Nixon's presidency

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- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Endangered Species Act, Occupational Health & Safety Administration (OSHA)

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Medicare created by

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LBJ

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To control creeping inflation in early 1970s, President Nixon

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imposed a 90-day wage & price freeze and stimulate exports by taking USA off gold standard & devalued the dollar

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USA lost competitive advantage to

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Japan & West Germany

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"stagflation"

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defined as rising inflation & rising unemployment at same time

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As President, Nixon succeeded in

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implementing the Supplemental Security Income program (SSI)

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Nixon's "southern strategy" included policy of

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soft-pedaling of civil rights & opposing school busing to achieve racial balance (integration)

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George McGovern

answer

B-24 Liberator bomber pilot in Europe during WWII - Stephan Ambrose's book The Wild Blue is about his WWII service, the Democratic nominee for president in 1972, alienated traditional working-class backbone of Dem party by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, & youth

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As a pres candidate, South Dakota Sen. George McGovern appealed most strongly to the

answer

antiwar movement

question

Watergate scandals caused by actions of Nixon's staff in 1972 pres campaign involved

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obstruction of justice, use of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to harass political opponents, illegal use of FBI & CIA, burglarizing enemies' psychiatry offices, * break in by the "Plumbers,"

question

Shaky agreement that brought an end to US fighting in Vietnam in Jan 1973 represented

answer

a thinly disguised US retreat

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As part of the cease fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973,

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- the US withdrew all its troops from Vietnam (small token force there until Fall of Saigon in 1975)

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VP Spiro Agnew was forced to resign in 1973 after being accused of

answer

accepting bribes

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In 1973 the Am public was shocked to learn that

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US Air Force had been secretly bombing Cambodia since 1969

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During the Senate Watergate hearings, one of most damaging revelations for Nixon was that

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his conversations in person & on telephone had been recorded on tape

question

In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from continuing the bombing of Cambodia, Nixon

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repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to halt the attacks (Senate override, but not in House)

question

1973 War Powers Act

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Required president to report to Congress any commitment of US troops

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Nelson Rockefeller

answer

Gerald Ford's Vice President (Governor of NY in 1971) uses 25th amendment

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NVA offensive

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stopped by USA ground and air forces

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As result of Nixon's aerial bombardment of neutral Cambodia (not really neutral b/c Ho Chi Minh Trail went through both Cambodia and Laos) in 1973

answer

- the Cambodian economy was ruined & its politics revolutionized (Pol Pot's "Killing Fields")

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As result of US support for Israel in 1973 (Yom Kippur War) when it was attacked by Egypt & Syria

answer

Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to USA

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In an effort to counter OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), the USA took lead in forming

answer

International Energy Agency

question

List of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in Watergate scandal included

answer

breaking into Democratic party headquarters in order to "bug" them, using IRS to harass its "enemies," forging documents to discredit Democrats, & using FBI & CIA to cover up previous crimes

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Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor & Congress by claiming that

answer

he had "executive privilege"

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Most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was

answer

pardoning Nixon for any known and/or unknown crimes he had committed while president

question

Helsinki Accords (Finland), signed by Gerald Ford & leaders of 34 other nations

answer

pledged signatories to guarantee certain basic human rights

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People of USA had provided just about everything for South Vietnam

answer

most sophisticated aircraft, hundreds of thousands of troops, enough time to win, & enough $ to build its own military (but S. Vietnamese gov'ts were notoriously corrupt)

question

In Vietnam, USA lost

answer

respect in eyes of foreigners, confidence in its military prowess economic power, & the war itself

question

When N. Vietnamese launched their full invasion of S. Vietnam in 1975

answer

S. Vietnamese gov't quickly collapsed

question

One major social movement born in 1960s that retained & gathered momentum in 1970s & after was

answer

the feminist movement

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While many of the social movements born in 1960s declined or disappeared, the one that remained strong & even gathered momentum in 1970s was

answer

the feminist movement

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Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to

answer

prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity

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Proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 & eventually ratified by 35 states, stated

answer

Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex." -Missed ratification by 3 states - needed 38 - b/c of Phyllis Schlafly

question

Sup Crt case Roe v. Wade (1973) declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional b/c they

answer

violated a woman's constitutional right of privacy in her own person

question

Most explosive racial controversy of 1970s was over

answer

school busing (integration)

question

Most explosive domestic controversy of 1970s centered around issues of

answer

race

question

Effect of Sup Crt ruling in Milliken v. Bradley (1974), which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to

answer

reinforce division b/t power, minority inner city schools & nearly all white suburbs

question

Sup Crt ruled in the Bakke case that

answer

racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in challenging college admissions (thurgood marshall opposed)

question

American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in 1970s by seizing

answer

Alcatraz Island, CA & Wounded Knee, SD

question

Major goal successfully pursued by Indian civil rights activists in 1970s was

answer

a recognition of semi-sovereign status of various Indian tribes under US law

question

"first wave" of feminism grew out of the *** movement, and the "second wave" of feminism grew out of the ***movement

answer

abolitionist civil rights

question

The "first wave" of Vietnamese refugees who came to the USA in immediate aftermath of Vietnam War

answer

were first forced into "assimilation camps" scattered across USA

question

Nearly all "second wave" feminists agreed on the issue of

answer

abortion rights

question

A primary goal of both the first & second wave of Vietnamese refugees was

answer

to keep their extended families together (not split for assimilation)

question

Opposing major party candidates in bicentennial pres campaign of 1976 were

answer

Gerald Ford (Rep) & Jimmy Carter (Dem)

question

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won presidency b/c

answer

his emphasis on honesty contrasted w/corruptions of Watergate

question

Carter was a former

answer

Gov of GA, USNA grad, Nukes, peanut farmer, humble, Christian, Habitat for Humanity

question

Guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy was

answer

human rights (strong Christian background)

question

Pres Carter's most spectacular foreign policy achievement was the

answer

Camp David agreement b/t Israel & Egypt

question

Carter believed that fundamental problem of US economy in late 1970s was

answer

US dependence on foreign oil

question

Term "second wave" feminism refers to

answer

those like Betty Freidan who revived feminism in 1960s & 1970s as a broad movement of women's rights & opportunities

question

First major trouble to afflict Pres Carter's foreign policy was

answer

ominous reheating of Cold War w/USSR

question

Moderate & radical feminists differed over

answer

marriage, how much to expect from US gov't & capitalism, pornography, abolition of all gender differences

question

"Oil shocks" of 1970s (1973-74 & 1979) brought home to American's the stunning fact that

answer

their (US) economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade & global economy

question

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) II Treaty b/t USSR & USA died in Senate when Soviets

answer

invaded Afghanistan

question

Boycotting the 1980 Olympic Games (summer - Moscow) was one measure taken by Pres Carter in response to

answer

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

question

Most humiliating failure during the Iranian Hostage Crisis came when

answer

Pres Carter's attempted rescue mission ended in disaster (2 helicopters crashed)

question

Arab oil embargo, Fall of Saigon, Iranian-Hostage Crisis, Invasion of Afghanistan by USSR

answer

Chronology of foreign affairs

question

Results of the Cambodian incursion ordered by Pres Nixon in 1970 included

answer

killing of (4) student demonstrators at Kent State University, }, repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution by Senate, & deepening of division b/t pro-war "hawks" & antiwar "doves"

question

Signs that Cold War was thawing a bit in early 1970s included

answer

SALT agreement, ABM treaty, Nixon's visit to Bejing adn Moscow

question

Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Sup Crt handed down rulings to

answer

prevent required prayer & Bible readings in public schools, protect rights of individuals accused of a crime, support civil rights for blacks

question

In response to energy crisis

answer

Congress sanctioned construction of Alaskan pipeline (for oil), Congress enacted 55 mph speed limit, agitation mounted to use more coal & nuclear power

question

During 1974 hearings, House Judiciary Committee adopted impeachment articles charging Pres Nixon w/

answer

obstruction of justice, abusing powers of his office, contempt of Congress

question

In his brief presidency, Gerald Ford agreed

answer

to sign Helsinki Accords & a full, complete pardon for Nixon (alomost assissinated by Squeaky From)

question

While president, Jimmy Carter

answer

called for renewal of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, signed treaties restoring Panamanian sovereignty of the Canal Zone, established formal diplomatic relations w/ communist China & helped to settle Egyptian-Israeli conflict in Middle East

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