Chapter 33 – Flashcards
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Was elected president of the US by an overwhelming majority in 1932, introduced the New Deal, and led the US through most of WWII.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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FDR was a man that was nominated by the Democrats during the election of 1932, when the depression was in it's worst times. He was tall, athletic and handsome, that is until he caught polio and was then confined into a wheelchair. However, because of this, it helped him earn the likes of the people because he seemed vulnerable, like a normal person. He also had the people's touch and he knew how to speak and convey to his people. His wife was also someone who was active in politics, and would become the most active first lady to ever take the position, and helped him run his campaign.
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What kind of man was FDR
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Roosevelt's campaign in the 1932 election was about optimism and hope and confidence. Unlike his opponent Hoover, who ran in the election with a slogan that was saying how the worst times are over or a what if situation in which it could have been worse, which had a negative connotation to it and didn't give any hope. Roosevelt even chose a theme song for his campaign called "Happy Days are Here Again," which by its title encourages the people to be happy. His speeches also contained the keyword, or his catchphrase which was "confidence."
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What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
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FDR won the election with many electoral votes, one of the major contributions to this was that black voters for the first time, as a collective, began to support the Democrats because although the Dem used to be pro-slavery and conservative and whatnot, it seemed like the Republicans weren't helping their situation anyways. Hoover was the loser of the election and during his last 4 months as a lame duck, he suddenly made the depression worse and worse because he was mad that FDR was able to win with such a landslide. He tried to pass a few things that were counterproductive to fixing the depression, and the unemployment was increased to 25% and also many companies went bankrupt. Roosevelt's victory caused Hoover to pull some stuff to drag America even deeper down.
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What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
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The name of President Roosevelt's economic policy for getting the United States out of the depression
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New Deal
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closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
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Banking Holiday
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the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.
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Hundred Days
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by FDR; a plan to bring about the recovery of the United States from the effects of the Great Depression: Relief-relieve the suffering of those hit by the depression, Recovery- help the economy recover, and Reform-reforms areas that caused the depression
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Three R's
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When Roosevelt came into presidency, he saw that there were many problems with the citizens of America. In his inauguration speech, he told the people not to fear about fearing, because that's the only fear. This was because the people were afraid to spend their money until the economy was stable again, which isn't helping the depression at all. He also mentioned the 3 R's of his New Deal, which was relief, which was to provide food and shelter, recovery, which was to patch up the depression, and also reform, so that something at this scale never happens again. Along with his New Deal, he passed any acts, in which were called his alphabet soup because of all the acronyms that are used such as the NEA, SSA and also TVA.
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Describe the New Deal
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informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people
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Fireside Chats
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that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.
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Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
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a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
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FDR took the country off the gold standard and then inflated the currency by buying gold at higher prices; relieved the debtor
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Managed Currency
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FDR came in and as soon as he came in, passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which created the 1 week bank holiday where he went around and fixed most of the bank's issues. After that, congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking reform Act which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, so that a bank will for sure have the money of the people who put their money into the banks. With this, he also wanted to remove America off the gold standard because people were hoarding gold instead of money. To do this, he had to get America off of it and also made a natural inflation in the economy so that debts could be paid back more easily.
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What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
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Government action taken to stimulate the economy, as spending money in the commercial sector, cutting taxes, or reducing interest rates.
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Pump Priming
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Provided employment in fresh-air government camp for reforestation, fire-fighting, flood control, swamp drainage, etc. (Civilian Conservation Corps)
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CCC
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Act whose aim was immediate relief rather than long-range recovery (Federal Emergency Reform Act)
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FERA
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Was the head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and granted about $3 billion to states for payments or projects
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Harry Hopkins
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Act created to give millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages (Agricultural Adjustment Act)
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AAA
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Law designed to refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes; assisted about a million households and bolted the political loyalties of middle-class homeowners to the Democrats (Home Owners' Loan Corporation
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HOLC
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Branch of the FERA under Hopkins; designed to provide temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency (Civil Works Administration
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CWA
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There were many New Deal agencies that were created at the time. One of them was the Civilian Conservation Corps, which helped get young men hired to do jobs in the woods, doing stuff much like boy scouts and got paid by having money sent to their homes. The Federal Relief Administration sent relief in the form of government doles, many people believed that FDR was buying votes with tax money. The Agricultural Adjustment Act helped give huge loans to farmers to help them get their stuff started. The Home Owners' Loan Corporation was created to refinance people's houses at a better rate that is more affordable. The Civil Works Administration was also started to give people jobs, however it was criticized that it was created mostly for people not to do work but get money.
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Explain the differences between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
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Catholic priest in Michigan who broadcasted in 1930 with his slogan "Social Justice"; was anti-New Deal, anti-Semitic, fascistic, and demagogic
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Father Charles Coughlin
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a Senator of Louisiana; a Democrat; Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936; he started the "Share Our Wealth" program which promised to make "Every Man A King"
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Huey Long
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a retired physician whose savings had recently been wiped out; best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan,"
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Dr. Francis E. Townsend
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Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins that provided jobs in areas from road building to art (Works Project Administration)
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WPA
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Some historical demagogues include Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest who voiced much about Social Justice on his radio program. He went from being moderate to very radical and soon was shut up by his church. Another one was Senator Huey Long, who wanted to take the money from the rich literally and give it to the poor, a basic form of socialism. He was also shunned out because of the fear that he was crazy. Dr. Francis E. Townsend also proposed that money should be given to the senior citizens, in a crazy amount. It also didn't turn out to work in America since they didn't have the money. The Works Progress Administration was also created to give jobs to many other people for public works and constructions to benefit the people.
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List other historical demagogues
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Secretary of Labor; America's first woman cabinet member
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Frances Perkins
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director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration; served as the highest ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration
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Mary McLeod Bethune
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Anthropologist that helped develop the "culture and personality movement" and her student Margaret Mead reached even greater heights with Coming of Age in Samoa
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Ruth Benedict
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studied gender roles& sexuality, cultural anthropologist
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Margaret Mead
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wrote a beautiful and timeless novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938
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Pearl Buck
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Some of the factors that made it possible for women to get fame was that they were able to vote for 10 years, and after that they were able to make exponential progress through getting other accomplishments. Eleanor Roosevelt was well known for being the most active first lady and accomplished much for her husband because of his illness. Frances Perkins was known for being the first female cabinet member ever in history. Mary McLeod Bethune was the highest ranked black person in FDR's administration and later found a college. Women found it easier for them to access higher positions due to their right to vote.
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Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame
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by far the most complicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining. (National Recovery Administration)
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NRA
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This decision stated that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive branch (congress may not pass a law allowing the president to write and pass laws, that's their job and to do so would disrupt the balance of powers). Specifically, it stated that interstate commerce couldn't be applied to local commerce like the fowl business in Brooklyn owned by the Schecter brothers.
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Sick Chicken Decision
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intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River). (Public Works Administration)
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PWA
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Former Bull Moose progressive who spent billions of federal dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste
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Harold Ickes
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The NRA attempted to restore industry by creating a fair playing game for all companies. Although it was shot down later in the Schechtner case, it still attempted to limit the power of businesses. It created a maximum day shift hours for workers and also created a minimum wage. It also curbed child labor so that more adults could work for the same thing and get paid more to. To help encourage the NRA, which was optional, they gave out a blue eagle ribbon to every company that followed the policies, which not many businesses were happy about. After it was shot down, the NRA became much like the PWA, and began to create jobs through public works.
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How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
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The federal government attempted to help farmers by synthesizing a shortage of crops so that they could sell for a better price. To do this, they had to pay the farmers not to farm so much and thus created the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which literally paid farmers not to do so much planting. Many farmers had to waste their products for the act and it was soon shot down by the Supreme Court since it was unconstitutional. Then congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, which paid farmers money to not plant so many acres of land. The AAA was also reborn again to help curb the amount a farmer could grow, all of these increased farmer wages but also made them decrease in employment.
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How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
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forced many farmers to migrate west to California and inspired Steinbeck's classic The Grapes of Wrath. The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.
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Dust Bowl
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Oklahomans and Arkansans that are Dust Bowl refugees that trekked to Southern California. These people were discriminated against because they took jobs away from Californians. 350,000 Oklahomans and Arkansans moved to southern California in caravans sometimes called "junkyards on wheels." These devastating events were the inspiration for John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. Acts intended to help Oakies like the Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy act (which delayed mortgage-based foreclosures by 5 years) were voided by the Supreme Court soon after passing. The CCC attempted to slow the soil shift by planting 200,000,000 trees and the Resettlement Administration tried to help farmless farmers move to better land.
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Okies and Arkies
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a bestselling novel by John Steinbeck; depicted the Dust Bowl
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The Grapes of Wrath
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(the Indian "New Deal"), which encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions. Not all Indians liked it though, saying if they followed this "back-to-the-blanket" plan, they'd just become museum exhibits. 77 tribes refused to organize under its provisions (200 did).
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Indian Reorganization Act
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Nature soon became a problem as many high winds and droughts blew the weak soil in the middle states to created the "great dustbowl." Farmers didn't treat the land well and because of that they continually plowed the top layer of the soil and soon made it into powdery dust which was easily carried by the wind. Because of such tragic events, many workers began to migrate west to find better soil. This inspired the book The Grapes of Wrath, a tale of Okies written by John Steinbeck. It also caused congress to pass the Resettlement Administration which helped farmers relocate themselves.
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How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
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The Southern part of CA's agricultural kingdom. Many Okies and Arkies came here, as it was similar to the Southern plains. Life was hard here.
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San Joaquin Valley
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(1937)- Relief, Recovery- Granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms; Congress slashed its appropriations during World War II when many poor farmers entered the armed forces or migrated to urban areas.
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Farm Security Administration
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where Okies purchases land and set up homes
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Okievilles
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Things were better in California because there, there wasn't any dust bowl that was ruining the farming economy. There was San Joaquin Valley, a place where farming flourished due to its naturally good weather and irrigation systems that were placed. There was also the Farm Security Administration which helped increase the chances that a farm will stay stable and help produce. There were also Okievilles in which people came from all over the middle states in search for better jobs and what not.
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In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
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the 1933 act which required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds
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Federal Securities Act
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New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading. (Security & Exchange Commission)
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SEC
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The reformists saw that in the stock exchange, many people lost their investments because the numbers given were fake and didn't really help investors make their decision correctly. To fix this, they created the Federal Securities Act which required companies to report honest numbers and stats so that investors knew what they were doing. The Securities Exchange Commission was created to watch all the transactions. People also saw opportunity to jump in and caused a pyramid to crash, forcing congress to pass the Public Utility Holding Company to make sure nothing like that happens again.
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"Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the 'money changers'" Explain.
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Tennessee Valley Authority; Federal project to provide inexpensive electric power, flood control, and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River Valley
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TVA
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Conservatives believed that many of the New Deal programs were begining to resemble socailism programs
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Creeping Socialism
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The Tennessee Valley Authority was created because it was seen that electricity was a good market to get into and it would vastly improve the lives of many Americans. Many people saw the creation of this to be controversial because it would be government sponsored electricity and would be a form of creeping socialism, where the government was able to provide cheaper things and thus have a monopoly over the businesses. However, it was also supported because it helped provide jobs to clear forests and rivers for dams and other stuff and also provided electricity to improve the lives of over 2.5 million people.
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What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
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FDR set up this administration in 1934 to stimulate the building industry via loans to homeowners for improving existing homes and building new ones. Congress aided the program by authorizing the US Housing Authority (USHA) in 1937, that lent/lends money to communities for low-cost construction. (Federal Housing Administration
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FHA
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1935- One of the greatest successes of the New Deal, Social Security attempted to cushion future depressions by providing federal-state unemployment insurance, old-age insurance and pensions that were financed on a payroll by both employer and employee (basically your employer has you match you dollar for dollar in social security), and provisions for blind or physically handicapped, delinquent children and other dependents of the state financially.
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Social Security
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There were 2 major acts that helped society's least fortunate. The Federal Housing Authority helped fund project housings to remove the slums in cities and also to create low-rent homes for the poor. It helped create more jobs and also inspired the US Housing Authority, which outlived the New Deal and even FDR. It was seen as such a popular and successful administration that it was kept even until now. There was also the Social Security Act which used tax payers' money to help support the poor, and those unable to work.
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How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
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1935- To fill the void left by the NRA, Congress passed the Wagner Act aka the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, creating a National Labor Relations Board that re-asserted the rights to self-organization and collective bargaining. Basically the NRA minus the bits the SCOTUS didn't approve of, but a very revolutionary act in terms of organized labor in the United States.
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Wagner Act
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Created to insure fairness in labor-managment relations and the mediate employers' desputes with unions. one of the most important advances for organized labor came in 1935 when the Wagner Act was passed which allowed workers to organize and to bargain collectively. This is another name for the Wagner Act
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National Labor Relations Board
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Originally formed by leaders within the AFL who wanted to expand its principles to include workers in mass produciotn industries. In 1935, they created coalation of the 8 unions comprising the AFL and the United Mine Workers of America, led by John L. Lewis. After a split within the organization in 1938, the CIO was established as a separate entity.
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CIO
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the boss of the United Mine Workers who also succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) within the ranks of the AF of L in 1935.
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John L. Lewis
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Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met. CIO members used this revolutionary technique in 1936 at the GM plan in Flint to prevent the importation of strikebreakers
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Sit-down Strike
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Unions began to strengthen under the FDR administration after the Wagner Act, which made it legal for labor unions to form and strike. After the Wagner Act, the Committee for Industrial Organization was created and was one of the first major unions to accept the unskilled workers, which at the time were thought to weaken a union's strength since they were so easily replaced. Many major companies resisted such changes, especially after the Fair Labor Standards Act which limited workday hours and minimum wages was regulated and also child labor was stopped. Many people were striking and were killed, such as the Memorial Day massacre in which people striked and were shot and killed.
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How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal
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Republican who carried only two states in a futile campaign against "The Champ" (FDR) in 1936
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Alfred Landon
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Formed in 1934 by conservatives to defend business interests and promote the open shop. Organization founded in 1934 to oppose the New Deal
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American Liberty League
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The significance of the 1936 election was that someone dared to challenge FDR in the election even though he had such immense success. Landon criticized FDR's critical spending, but at the same time he was losing votes because of his criticisms, in which he actually supported many of the programs created by the New Deal. He also had a weak radio voice, unlike FDR, and also a poor campaigner and couldn't really win many votes. There were also a few Democrats that wanted to switch to the other party because they were afraid of socialism, and formed the American Liberty League.
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What was the significance of the 1936 election?
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FDR wanted to ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices because he although he had the Congress on his side, the Supreme Court was just too conservative for his tastes. He wanted to increase it to 15 members, so that he could raise a majority but congress quickly shut him down, seeing that gave him too much power. He already passed the 20th amendment, which allowed him to be sworn in 6 weeks early to skip out on the lame duck period a lot more.
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Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
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Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.
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Court Packing
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Justice who argued the First Amendment protects all publications, even wholly obscene ones.
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Hugo Black
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Some of the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the court was that he was now viewed as a man who tried to become a dictator, although he had "good" intentions behind his motives. However, power grabbing is always going to be viewed as a power grab, thus it made him look bad. However, it did change the mind of one judge, Owen J. Roberts had his conservative mind changes and began to be more liberal. After this court packing scheme, even though he was able to pass many of his things through the court, the New Deal programs were viewed with suspicions and he was viewed with suspicion.
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What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
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It has been argued and is arguable that the New Deal did not help as much as it is claimed to have done. Evidence is shown in a "Roosevelt recession," caused in part by government policy (social security put some money temporarily out of circulation as the program took hold) and federal spending was cut back upon in the name of a more balanced federal budget.
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Roosevelt Recession
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A British economist who believed that the single biggest employer and corporation with the greatest impact/potential for impact in a recession is the government, and that it is the job of the government to put people to work and create jobs and stimulus plans, even if it will mean going temporarily into debt while the economy recovers. Keynesianism became the primary governmental economic policy in the United States and to an extent the larger western world for decades.
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John Maynard Keynes
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barred federal administrative officials, except the highest policy-making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting.
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Hatch Act
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The success of the FDR's second term was pretty well done because although the recession wasn't fixed within his first term, he was still able to curb most of it down. Then, there was the Roosevelt Recession which was caused by the massive govt spending, and FDR agreed to cut back on the spending, however he still returned to his high spending self because of Keynesian economy policies which said it was okay for a government to spend more than they have. The Reorganization Act also made it illegal for federal officials to only be political campaigners, which helped the efficiency of his government.
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Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term
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Much of the criticisms on the New Deal seem to say that it was spending too much money and didn't get enough done, and that he wasn't the fixer of the depression, WWII was. I think this was fair because although he attempted to fix the problems in the US, he increased the national debt to $40 billion dollars, the highest it ever was in history at the time. The least fair was that he was accused of bringing communism into the US, although all he really did was just help out the poor, in which many people called him out on it for a long time.
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What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
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The textbook author made FDR out to be a hero
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What is the textbook author's opinion of Roosevelt? Do you agree?
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explored American liberalism of political leaders, popularized term "imperial presidency": presidency out of control, exceeded bounds of constitution
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Arthur Schlesinger JR.
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Said New Deal was a revolutionary response to a revolutionary situation
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Carl Degler
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a group of historians writing about the New Deal in the 1970s 80s and 90s. They conclude that the new deal offered as much reformist circumstances allowed and as the majority of Americans wanted.
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Constraints School of Historians
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Dominated American politics for 40 years, represented broad consensus about limits of govt efforts to shape order
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New Deal Coalition
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It was a halfway revolution because it only fixed half of the problems the country had, because before the New Deal, America was fairly conservative, and was mostly dominated by the rich. After the New Deal however, America soon began to become a nation where they helped the poor, and actually used tax money to help support the poor. It was a change in American society and now the poor were able to get back on their feet. Although it didn't fix or change all of America, it did help them where it needed the help. This was the most important part.
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What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
