Chapter 3 Outline and Packet – Flashcards
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Hydrogenation is a chemical process that.......
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-turns liquid oil to solid fats
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Fats are major constituents of......
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-cell membranes
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Typical fat molecules have _________ chain(s)
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-3
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A single atom of carbon may form up to ___________ covalent bonds with other atoms
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-4
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Although carbon dioxide contains carbon, it is not considered an "organic" compound because.......
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-the carbon atom is not bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
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A hydrolysis reaction results in.....
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-bond breakage of a macromolecule
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An -OH group is a __________ group
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-hydroxyl
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An -NH2 group is an __________ group
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-amine
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A figure with 3 unbonded glucose molecules in the top row and 3 bonded glucose molecules in the bottom row (bonded with O in the middle) illustrates a ______________ reaction that produces two ________ and a ____________
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-condensation -water molecules -polymer
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What kind of reaction produces large molecules by linking small molecules?
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-condensation
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Monosaccharaides may be characterized by.......
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-a ketone group -carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio -a backbone of five to six carbon atoms -one carbonyl group
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Fructose and glucose are......
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-both monosaccharaides and six-carbon sugars
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Oligosaccharides include....
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-both sucrose and lactose
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Glucose and fructose......
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-contain the same number of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups
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Glucose an sugars in DNA and RNA.....
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-are monosaccharaides
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Sucrose is composed of.....
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-a molecule of fructose and molecule of glucose
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Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage by.....
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-animals
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Cellulose is......
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-a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants
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What describes some aspect of polysaccharide?
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-energy storage -straight or branched chain -glucose subunits -contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
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What is true about polysaccharides?
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-composed of many linked polysaccharides -may be straight or unbranched or highly branched -most likely made of glucose molecules if they are one of the natural polysaccharides -may by insoluble because of their large size and structure
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Which of the following does not belong? -phospholipids -polysaccharides -unsaturated fats -steroids -saturated fats
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-polysaccharide
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Triglycerides are.....
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-neutral fats
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The honeycomb on which the bee is standing is made up primarily of what?
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-lipids
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The dotted areas between the glycerol group and each of the three chains to make a fatty acid indicates where _____________ reactions will occur to produce _________ and ________-
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-condensation -covalent bonds -water molecules
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Steroids characteristics....
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-have no fatty-acid component -consist of four rings -may have different numbers, types, and positions of functional groups attached to them -are a specialized type of lipid
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Cholesterol characteristics....
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-has a rigid backbone of four carbon rings -is the most common steroid in animal tissue -is a lipid without a fatty-acid component -is needed to produce sexual development and maturity
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____________ are long-chain fatty acids attached to long-chain alcohols
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-Waxes
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Polyunsaturated fats.....
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-have fewer hydrogen atoms than to saturated fats
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Lipids do not....
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-yield less energy per gram than do carbohydrates -include cartilage and chitin -include fats consisting of one fatty-acid molecule and three glycerol molecules -are composed of monosaccharaides
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All steroids have....
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-four rings of carbon to which other atoms are attached
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The sequence of amino acids is the __________ structure of proteins
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-primary
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Amino acids are linked by what kind of bonds to form the primary structure of a protein?
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-peptide
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The interaction of several polypeptide chains in a hemoglobin molecule is its __________ structure
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-quaternary
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The figure on the other side illustrates one possible ______________ structure of _____________
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-secondary -proteins
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Denaturation of proteins may result in.....
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-breakage of hydrogen bonds -loss of three-dimensional structure -alteration of enzyme activity -endangerment of a cell's life
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What is found in every nucleotide?
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-a phosphate group -a single-ring base -a double-ring base -nitrogen
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Enzymes....
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-affect metabolic reaction rates
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Glucose....
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-a six-carbon sugar
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Nucleotide....
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-found in DNA and RNA
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Phospholipids.....
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-principal components of cell membranes
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-NH2
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-the amine group -the group on the amino-terminal end of proteins
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-COOH
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-the carboxyl group -the group that is acidic -the group on the carboxyl-terminal end of proteins
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-CH3
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-the methyl group
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-OH
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-the hydroxyl group
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-PO4
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-the group typical of energy carriers such as ATP
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Amino acid....
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-the basic unit of proteins -the monomers of a polypeptide chain
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Nucleotide
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-the basic unit of DNA -the basic unit of RNA
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Glucose....
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-the basic unit of cellulose -the basic unit of glycogen -the basic unit of starch
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Which units combine in various ways to form lipids?
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-glycerol and fatty acids
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A _________ is a term given to a macromolecule (large molecule) made up of individual subunits
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-polymer
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Write the empirical formula for a carbohydrate
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-for every carb there are twice as many hydrogen -CH2O
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A denatured protein has lost its ______________
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-shape and function
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A lipid ________________ is the most common conformation of the membrane of living systems
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-bilayer
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In biology, many complementary process exist. Explain how condensation reactions are complementary to hydrolysis reactions
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-both involve water -hydrolysis breaks down -condensation builds
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What property of phospholipids allows them to form cell membranes?
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-polarity -hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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Explain why vigorous exercise in warm weather could be hazardous to your enzymes
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-the enzymes overheat and then lose their shape and funciton
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Describe how trans fats originated
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-Proctor and Gable Co. developed a partially hydrogenated soybean oil in 1908 as a substitute for expensive solid animal fats they had been using to make candles -electricity started to hurt the candle business -Proctor and Gamble Co. noticed that trans fats looked a lot like lard -Proctor and Gamble began marketing it as a new food in 1911
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List foods that contain trans fats
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-manufactured and fast foods -French fries, butter substitutes, cookies, crackers, cakes, pancakes, peanut butter, pies, doughnuts, muffins, chicken nuggets, etc
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Pros of trans fats
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-longer shelf life, mild flavor, lower cost than butter or lard
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Cons of trans fats
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-raises the level of cholesterol in our blood and directly alter the function of our arteries and veins -atherosclerosis, heart attack, diabetes
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Define organic
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-describes a compound that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms
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Describe how the bonding behavior of carbon lends to the variety of compounds it forms
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-carbon can covalently bond with up to 4 other atoms, these atoms become polar or nonpolar depending on the other element -organic compounds have a backbone of carbon to which other compounds attach, these chains form 2 long rings, this versatility leads to the different structures
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List the different types of molecular models
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-structural models -ball and stick models -space filling models
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Structural Models
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-often very complex, often simplified by using polygons as symbols for rings, omitting the labels for some atoms
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Ball-and-Stick Models
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-shows the arrangement of atoms in 3-D
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Space-Filling Models
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-shows a molecules overall shape
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Define monomer
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-molecules that are subunits of polymers
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Define polymer
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-molecule that consist of multiple monomers
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Define condensation reaction
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-process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms
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Define hydrolysis reactions
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-process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other
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Aldehyde Group
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*Not the R*
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Define cellulose
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-polysaccharide -major structural material in plants
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Define disaccharide
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-polymer of two sugar subunits
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Define glycogen
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-polysaccharide -energy reservoir in animal cells
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Define monosaccharide
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-simple sugar -monomer of polysaccharide
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Define polysaccharide
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-polymer of many monosaccharaides
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Define starch
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-polysaccharide -energy reservoir in plant cells
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Describe the purposes of carbohydrates in nature
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-quick energy -structure -soluble in water
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Define mono-
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-one
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Define oligo-
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-a few
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Define poly-
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-many monosaccharaides
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Role of glucose in nature
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-fuel to drive cellular processes, structural material to build larger molecules, starting material that is remodeled into other materials
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Role of fructose in nature
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-a popular sugar in soda and juices
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Role of amylose in nature
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-a common polysaccharide found in plants
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Role of glycogen in nature
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-a common polysaccharide found in animals
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Role of cellulose in nature
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-a common polysaccharide found in plants
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Properties of lipids in nature
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-fatty, waxy, or oily organic compounds, all hydrophilic, many incorporate fatty acids
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Purposes of lipids in nature
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-long term energy -structure (in cells) -water repellent (wax on leaves) -insulation -signals hormones
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Define saturated
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-contains no carbon-carbon bonds
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Define unsaturated
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-contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its tail
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Structure of fatty acids
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-organic compound that consist of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end
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Structure of glycerol
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-attaches to a fatty acid by its carboxyl group head, the fatty acid then loses its hydrophilic character
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Structure of triglycerides
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-a fat with three fatty acid chains
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Structure of phospholipids
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-lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head and two nonpolar fatty acid tails, main constitute of eukaryotic cells
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Structure of steroids
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-type of lipid with 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
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Structure of waxes
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-water repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings
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Properties of amino acids in nature
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-small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins -consist of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom
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Define primary structure of proteins
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-consist of a linerar sequence of amino acids (a polypeptide chain)
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Define secondary structure of proteins
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-arises as a polypeptide chain twists into a coil (helix) or a sheet held in place by hydrogen bonds between different parts of the molecule
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Define tertiary structure of proteins
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-occurs when a chain coils and sheets fold up into a functional domain such as a barrel or pocket
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Define quaternary structure of proteins
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-in which two or more polypeptide chains associate as one molecule
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Define globular proteins
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-form chemically active pockets that can make or break bonds of other molecules
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Define fibrous proteins
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-contribute to the structure and organization of cells and tissues
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Structure of glycoproteins
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-molecules that allow a tissue or a body to recognize it's own cell, cells that help cells interact in immune responses
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Structure of lipoproteins
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-form when enzymes covalently bond lipids to a protein -are aggregate structures that consist of variable amounts and types of proteins and lipids, carry fats and cholesterol through bloodstream
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Factors of proteins that can cause denaturation of proteins
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-disruption of hydrogen bonds and other interactions that heat, some salts, shifts, in pH, or detergents
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Describe the mechanism by which a prion infection operates
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-begins with a protein that occurs normally in mammals, this protein misfolds (not a big deal), but when it misfolds again it becomes a prion
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Name several nucleotides
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-ATP
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Recognize the structure and functions of nucleic acids
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-has a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups
