question

1) A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n) A) endemic. B) epidemic. C) sporadic. D) pandemic.

answer

D) pandemic.

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2) A ________ is a disease that primarily infects animals but can be transmitted to humans. A) nosocomial infection B) zoonosis C) vector infection D) mudurane

answer

B) zoonosis

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3) An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most appropriately called a A) fomite. B) carrier. C) vector. D) reservoir.

answer

A) fomite

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4) Which of the following is NOT a public health measure used to control the transmission of disease? A) sanitary water and waste disposal methods B) immunization C) forced quarantine D) genetic engineering

answer

D) genetic engineering (pg. 850)

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5) Which of the following is/are considered (a) direct contact infection(s)? A) syphilis B) gonorrhea C) skin infections D) syphilis, gonorrhea, and skin infections

answer

D) syphilis, gonorrhea, and skin infections

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6) The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is A) host to host. B) a common source. C) insect vector. D) mechanical vector.

answer

B) a common source

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7) Which of the following diseases is NOT normally spread by a common source? A) measles B) foodborne diseases C) waterborne diseases D) cholera

answer

A) measles

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8) Which of the following is an example of herd immunity? A) Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in the United States. B) If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population. C) Federal law requires that all cattle not immune to anthrax be destroyed. D) All farm animals used for food must be immunized against all the common agents of disease that infect humans.

answer

B) If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population.

question

9) Potential candidates for biological warfare A) are generally gram-negative rather than gram-positive. B) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus. C) are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic. D) must be genetically engineered to be effective.

answer

B) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus

question

10) The incidence of HIV/AIDS among transfusion recipients has A) increased since the discovery of HIV. B) decreased since the discovery of HIV. C) remained the same since the discovery of HIV. D) never been more than a few individuals per year.

answer

B) decreased since the discovery of HIV. (pg. 847)

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11) Which of the following shows the correct relationship among the epidemiology terms listed? A) prevalence > incidence > mortality B) incidence > prevalence > mortality C) mortality > morbidity > prevalence D) mortality > incidence > prevalence

answer

B) incidence > prevalence > mortality (pg. 829)

question

12) Which of the following emergence factors has contributed to the HIV/AIDS epidemic? A) climate change B) rapid pathogen adaptation and change C) increasing travel to endemic areas D) exotic pet and meat trade

answer

B) rapid pathogen adaptation and change (pg. 843)

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13) Treponema pallidum is extremely sensitive to temperature changes and low moisture, thus it is transmitted: A) by intimate person-to-person contact. B) by fomites. C) by vectors. D) through common sources such as food and water.

answer

A) by intimate person-to-person contact. (pg 874)

question

14) The MOST common vectorborne disease in the United States is A) influenza A. B) Lyme disease. C) malaria. D) pneumonia.

answer

B) Lyme disease.

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15) A large number of cases of a particular disease observed in a relatively short period of time in an area that previously experienced only sporadic cases of the disease is known as a(n) A) pandemic. B) outbreak. C) endemic. D) zoonosis.

answer

B) outbreak.

question

16) Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms? A) acute period B) decline period C) infection D) incubation period

answer

D) incubation period

question

17) A marked seasonality to a disease is often indicative of A) certain modes of transmission. B) the presence of carriers. C) a zoonotic infection. D) a bacterial disease.

answer

A) certain modes of transmission.

question

18) Which of the following are NOT vectors important in disease transmission? A) fomites B) insects C) ticks D) rodents

answer

A) fomites

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19) An example of a cyclical disease is A) diphtheria. B) smallpox. C) influenza. D) anthrax.

answer

C) influenza.

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20) Which body site is preferentially infected by foodborne pathogens? A) gastrointestinal tract B) respiratory tract C) cerebrospinal fluid D) liver

answer

A) gastrointestinal tract

question

21) Influenza pandemics occur cyclically because A) less than 100% of the population is immunized. B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants. C) the vector is seasonal. D) there are environmental reservoirs that release the virus during particular seasons.

answer

B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants.

question

22) Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate. B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures. C) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir. D) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.

answer

B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures (pg. 851)

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23) Middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by A) Streptococcus pneumoniae. B) the influenza virus. C) a coronavirus. D) a rhinovirus.

answer

C) a coronavirus. (pg. 827)

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24) What is a/are potential reservoir(s) for viruses? A) water B) insects C) bats D) fomites

answer

B) insects

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25) Which disease listed does NOT require quarantine? A) smallpox B) HIV/AIDS C) plague D) cholera

answer

B) HIV/AIDS (pg. 838)

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26) Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus) that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers generally have high ________ but low ________. A) incidence / prevalence B) prevalence / mortality C) mortality / morbidity D) morbidity / mortality

answer

C) mortality / morbidity (pg. 843)

question

27) Which group of organisms is difficult to control through immunization because of their rapid and unpredictable genetic mutations? A) vector-borne organisms B) RNA viruses C) Archaea D) DNA viruses

answer

B) RNA viruses (pg. 843)

question

28) Which public health measure(s) is/are MOST effective against pathogens transmitted through common vehicles? A) water purification B) mosquito control C) food safety regulations D) water purification and food safety regulations

answer

D) water purification and food safety regulations (pg. 850)

question

29) Which of the following diseases would be the easiest to control in a human population? A) an infectious disease with wild animals as a reservoir B) an infectious disease with humans as the only reservoir C) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir D) an infectious disease with several possible reservoirs

answer

C) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir (pg. 837)

question

30) The number of ill individuals within a population is referred to as A) morbidity. B) mortality. C) residency. D) prevalence.

answer

A) morbidity.

question

31) Disease ________ is measured by the total number of new reported disease cases within a population over a period of time. A) incidence B) frequency C) morbidity D) prevalence

answer

A) incidence

question

32) Why did the H1N1 strain of influenza virus cause a pandemic in 2009? A) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the mortality associated with infection. B) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the basic reproduction number of the virus. C) The H1N1 virus underwent a significant antigenic shift compared to other circulating strains of influenza. D) The H1N1 virus acquired a new gene from pigs that resulted in increased virulence.

answer

A) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the mortality associated with infection. (pg. 849)

question

33) A nonliving source of an infectious agent that infects a large number of people is called a A) fomite. B) reservoir. C) vector. D) vehicle.

answer

D) vehicle (pg. 832)

question

34) The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population is the field of A) microbiology. B) immunology. C) epidemiology. D) virology.

answer

C) epidemiology

question

35) People who have a subclinical case of a disease are frequently ________ of a particular disease. A) fomites B) carriers C) vectors D) vehicles

answer

B) carriers

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36) With regards to mode of disease transmission, respiratory pathogens are generally ________, and intestinal pathogens are generally spread by contaminated ________. A) spread by direct contact / vectors B) spread by indirect contact / carriers C) more transmissible / needles D) airborne / food or water

answer

D) airborne / food or water

question

37) A disease showing a relatively slow, progressive rise followed by a gradual decline in incidence is indicative of a(n) A) host-to-host epidemic. B) common source epidemic. C) biological weapon. D) endemic disease.

answer

A) host-to-host epidemic.

question

38) Diseases that are good candidates for eradication have A) only a human reservoir. B) no asymptomatic phase. C) an environmental reservoir. D) only a human reservoir and no asymptomatic phase.

answer

D) only a human reservoir and no asymptomatic phase. (pg. 837)

question

39) Disease cases that exhibit new syndromes or characteristics or are linked to new pathogens are surveyed through regional laboratories and considered ________ cases. A) zoonotic B) index C) endemic D) epidemic

answer

B) index

question

40) Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are referred to as ________ diseases. A) indirect B) emerging C) vector D) common source

answer

B) emerging

question

41) Pasteurization of milk is an example of a disease control measure aimed at A) preventing host-to-host transmission. B) controlling the disease vector. C) preventing common source diseases. D) eliminating the disease reservoir.

answer

B) controlling the disease vector.

question

42) "Typhoid Mary" is an example of a ________, because she was infected by the causative agent for typhoid fever yet was asymptomatic. A) fomite B) carrier C) vector D) vehicle

answer

B) carrier

question

43) Most cases of mosquito-transmitted diseases occur in A) the summer and fall seasons. B) tropical and sub-tropical regions. C) rural areas. D) tropical and sub-tropical regions or during the summer and fall seasons.

answer

A) the summer and fall seasons. (pg. 831)

question

44) Over time, the relationship between a pathogen and a naïve susceptible population tends towards A) the extinction of the host. B) the extinction of the pathogen. C) a balance between host and pathogen such that both are maintained. D) the extinction of either the host or the pathogen.

answer

D) the extinction of either the host or the pathogen. (pg. 830)

question

45) In 2003, the majority of AIDS deaths occurred in A) South America. B) North America. C) Europe. D) Sub-Saharan Africa.

answer

D) Sub-Saharan Africa.

question

46) Epidemiological studies of AIDS in Africa have confirmed that ________ transmission of the virus is the norm in that region. A) fomite B) indirect C) heterosexual D) homosexual

answer

C) heterosexual

question

47) The basic reproduction number of a pathogen A) can vary during an epidemic based on infection control measures. B) can be determined experimentally in the lab. C) is usually high for pathogens that are transmitted through direct contact. D) can be determined experimentally and is usually high for pathogens that are transmitted through direct contact.

answer

A) can vary during an epidemic based on infection control measures. (pg. 833)

question

48) In just over a decade of efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated smallpox by using worldwide A) education campaigns. B) destruction of infected domestic animals. C) education campaigns and destruction of infected domestic animals. D) vaccination programs.

answer

D) vaccination programs.

question

49) Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the population that is immunized is less than 100% because A) vectors can be controlled through other means. B) most diseases lack reservoirs. C) of herd immunity. D) vehicles can be sterilized.

answer

C) of herd immunity (pg. 837)

question

50) The term ________ is applied to strains and preparations of Bacillus anthracis that exhibit properties that enhance dissemination and use as biological weapons. A) weaponized B) virulized C) category A D) infectious

answer

A) weaponized

question

1) A disease that is constantly present in low numbers is called an acute disease.

answer

FALSE

question

2) The incidence of HIV among hemophiliacs and transfusion recipients has remained constant since 1994.

answer

FALSE

question

3) Many pathogenic organisms require living hosts as reservoirs to survive.

answer

TRUE

question

4) Upper respiratory infectious agents are commonly transmitted from person to person.

answer

TRUE

question

5) Morbidity statistics more precisely define the health of a population than mortality statistics.

answer

TRUE

question

6) In the absence of susceptible hosts, Clostridium tetani would still survive in nature.

answer

TRUE

question

7) In the United States and other developed countries, deaths due to infectious diseases are decreasing.

answer

FALSE

question

8) An endemic disease is constantly present, usually at low incidence, in a population.

answer

TRUE

question

9) Reservoirs of infectious disease agents may be either animate or inanimate.

answer

TRUE

question

10) When the life cycle of a disease agent is dependent on a single host species, the pathogen can be eradicated.

answer

TRUE

question

11) Food and water are considered disease vehicles.

answer

TRUE

question

12) Failure to reach equilibrium with a disease agent could result in extinction for a host species.

answer

TRUE

question

13) Many parasites, such as those that cause malaria, use antigenic variation to decrease virulence within a specific host.

answer

FALSE

question

14) Immunization against endemic diseases is NOT necessary when traveling outside of one's home country or region.

answer

false (pg. 837)

question

15) Emerging infectious disease will likely affect only developing countries in the near future.

answer

FALSE

question

16) Changes in food processing and distribution can increase the incidence of new and emerging diseases.

answer

TRUE

question

17) To control a disease in a population, 100% immunization is necessary.

answer

FALSE

question

18) The lower the basic reproduction number of a pathogen, the higher the percentage of immune individuals necessary to provide herd immunity.

answer

true (pg. 834)

question

19) A disease that is transferred by direct intimate contact with a mortality rate over 90% would be an effective biological weapon.

answer

TRUE

question

20) A disease transferred by indirect contact with a high basic reproduction number and mortality would be an effective biological weapon.

answer

true

Chapter 28 Epidemiology – Flashcards

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