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New Deal

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In accepting the nomination of the Democratic Party in 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt promised a "new deal" for the American people. After his election the label was applied to his program of legislation passed to combat the Great Depression. The new deal included measures aimed at relief, reform, recovery. They achieved some relief and considerable reform but little recovery.

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CCC

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Civillian Conservatins Corps One of the most popular NEw Deal programs, the CCC was created by Congress to provide young men between the ages of 18 and 25 with governmetn jobs in reforestation and other conservation projects. it evenutally employed over 300,000.

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TVA

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Tennessee Valley Authority A New Deal at regional planning created by Congress in 1933, this agency built dams and power plants of the TN river. Its programs for flood control, soil conservation, and reforestation helped raise the standard of living of millions in the TN river valley

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Social Security Act

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The 1935's Social Security Act established a system of old age, unemployment, and survivor;s insurance funded by wage and payroll taxes. It did not include health insurance and did not originally cover many of the most needy groups and individuals

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bonus army

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In june 1932 a group of twenty thousand world war I veterans marched on Washington DC to demand immediate payment of their "adjusted compensation" bonuses voted by Congress in 1924. Congres rejected their demans, and President oover fearing that their ranks were infested with criminals and radicals, had the bonus army forcibly removed from their encampment. It was a public relations disaster for Hoover.

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National Recovery Administration

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This federal agency was created in 1933 to promote economic recovery and revive industry during the Great Depression. It permitted manufacturers to establish industry-wide codes of "fair business practices" setting prices and production levels. It also provided minimum working hours for labor and granted labor the right to organize and bargain collectively. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1935.

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Alfred landon

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The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man". (792)

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Andrew Mellon

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Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

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Calvin Coolidge

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became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

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Douglas MacArthur

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(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

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Eleanor Roosevelt

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FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

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Father Coughlin

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A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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The 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.

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Francis Perkins

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was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the US Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of Roosevelt's cabinet who remained in offices for his entire Presidency

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Francis Townsend

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Townshend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over He and other demagogues pushed FDR to move the New Deal to help people directly and laid the foundations of the creation of Social Security.

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Harry Hopkins

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A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. p778

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Herbert Hoover

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president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

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Huey Long

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As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

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John Collier

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Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

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John Dillinger

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bank robber and mobster who was caught by Hoover, the capture of which catapulted Hoover into national prominence in the "Dillinger Case"

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black cabinet

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an informal network of black officeholders in the federal government; led by Mary McLeod Bethune, William Hastie, and Robert Weaver, they pushed for economic and political opportunities for African Americans in the 1930s and 1940s.

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Black Tuesday

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October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

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Black Thursday

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October 24, 1929, the day the stock market crashed an astounding 9 percent (after a decade of great prosperity); a signal (though not the only cause) of the Great Depression

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Brain Trust

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Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet.

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Bull & Bear market

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bull-when stocks are on the rise, bear when stocks are on the low

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Business cycle

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recurring fluctuations in economic activity consisting of recession and recovery and growth and decline

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dust bowl

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Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

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federal reserve policy

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in the effort to shape the economy by the amount of money (in circulation), bank deposits, and interest rates charged for money.

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fireside chats

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The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

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First 100 days

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Period from FDR's inauguration in March 1933 through the following June. During this time, Roosevelt pushed program after program through Congress in an effort to provide economic relief and recovery.

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GNP

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Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

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Great Depression

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the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

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Hoover blankets

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The nickname for old newspapers that people used during the '30s when sleeping for warmth, once again criticizing the president for not providing anything "but the newspaper."

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Hoovervilles

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camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the great depression called hoovervilles because the people blamed pre. hoover foe their situition

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Indian reorganization act

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Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.; 1934

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Margin buying

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Paying part of the cost of stocks while borrowing the rest from brokers

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okies

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Unflattering name given to Oklahomans and others from the rural Midwest, especially those who left the Dust Bowl looking for better lives during the 1930s

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rugged individualism

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The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

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share the wealth

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Program of Senator Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits. Also wanted to set limits on personal wealth. Was an example of the left-wing criticism of the New Deal.

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smoot hawley tariff

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1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.

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stock speculation

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engagement in business transactions involving considerable risk but offering the chance of large gains, esp. trading in commodities, stocks, etc., in the hope of profit from changes in the market price

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unequal distribution of wealth

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Top 5% had 30% income, bottom 60% only 26%, nearly 80% had no savings, .1% had 34% of all savings, crash?undermined confidence, spending, and investment of businesses and well-to-do?decreased prod and layoffs?further declines in consumer spending and more production cutbacks

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