question

A 60-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:

answer

Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls

question

A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by:

answer

Endothelial injury and inflammation

question

A staff member asks a nurse was foam cells are. What is the nurse's best response? From cells in a fatty streak are:

answer

Macrophages that engulf low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

question

A nurse takes an adult patient's blood pressure and determines it to be normal. What reading did the nurse obtain?

answer

Systolic pressure less than 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mmHg

question

Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension.

answer

Primary

question

A 30-year-old Cuacasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. A nurse determines which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis?

answer

Genes

question

A 65-year-old male presents for a routine checkup. A blood pressure check reveals a systolic pressure of 160 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 70 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this type of pressure evaluation?

answer

Rigidity of the aorta

question

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He has no other health problems. Present treatment would cause the nurse to anticipate administering which drug to the patient?

answer

A diuretic

question

A 55-year-old female has undiagnosed hypertension. She presents to her primary care provider reporting impaired vision and chronic edema. Lab tests reveal that she also has renal insufficiency. While planning care, the nurse realizes the most likely cause for these findings is:

answer

End-organ damage

question

A nurse monitors the patient for _____ when rapid onset of malignant hypertension results.

answer

Encephalopathy

question

When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what did the nurse have the patient do?

answer

Stand up

question

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience?

answer

Syncope and fainting

question

A 65-year-old female presents to the emergency department reporting difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

answer

Throacic aorta

question

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. Where does the nurse suspect the cerebral aneurysm is located?

answer

Circle of Willis

question

What term should the nurse document for a detached blood clot?

answer

Thromboembolus

question

A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain, with swelling and redness. While obtaining the patient's history, which finding could have caused her condition?

answer

Venous thrombus

question

A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:

answer

Deep veins of the leg

question

Individuals with Raynaud disease need to be counseled to avoid which of the following conditions to prevent severe symptoms?

answer

Cold exposure

question

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her primary care provider reporting edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Upon performing the history, which of the following is a possible cause for the varicose veins?

answer

Long periods of standing

question

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins and the lower extremities and edema. The diagnosis is chronic venous insufficiency, and an expected assessment finding of this disorder is:

answer

Skin hyperpigmentation

question

While planning care for a patient with superior vena cava sydrome (SVCS), which principle should the nurse remember? SVCS is a progressive ____ of the superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.

answer

Occlusion

question

A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with bronchogenic cancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart?

answer

Superior vena cava sydnrome (SVCS)

question

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The nurse assesses for myocardial:

answer

Ischemia

question

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change?

answer

Smoking cigarettes

question

A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He has an elevated level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Which of the following should the nurse advise him to avoid?

answer

Trans fats

question

When a patient asks the nurse what is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia, which statement is the correct response? The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:

answer

Atherosclerosis

question

A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. When he asks what causes the pain, how should the nurse respond? The pain occurs when:

answer

The myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand

question

A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

answer

Prinzmetal

question

A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing:

answer

Stable angina

question

A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?

answer

Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply

question

A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has:

answer

Impending myocardial infarction (MI)

question

A 55-year-old male died of a myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

answer

Platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery

question

A 60-year-old female has a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived, but now the nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because:

answer

The resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.

question

A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of cardiac troponins I and T. Based upon the lab findings, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred?

answer

Myocardial infarction (MI)

question

A 28-year-old female presents to the ER reporting severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. Based upon the assessment findings, the nurse determines the patient is experiencing:

answer

Acute pericarditis

question

A 56-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is of greatest concern to the nurse?

answer

Tamponade

question

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. The nurse assesses the blood pressure for decreased cardiac output because of:

answer

Fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers

question

Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following conditions should alert the nurse that the patient may have both types of valve dysfunction?

answer

Rheumatic fever or heart disease

question

While planning care, the nurse remembers which principle? In valvular ____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely.

answer

Stenosis

question

A 67-year-old female was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that impairs blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis recorded on the chart?

answer

Aortic stenosis

question

A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, the nurse realizes the patient has incomplete emptying of the:

answer

Left atrium

question

A 72-year-old female has a history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. An echocardiogram reveals backflow of blood into the left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis documented on the chart?

answer

Aortic regurgitation

question

Upon assessment of the patient, the nurse finds a widened pulse pressure and throbbing peripheral pulses. Which valve disorder does the nurse suspect?

answer

Aortic regurgitation

question

A 35-year-old male presents with pulmonary hypertension. Testing reveals he is in right heart failure. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will see listed on the chart?

answer

Tricuspid regurgitation

question

A nurse recalls the most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is:

answer

Mitral valve prolapse

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. When a staff member asks what caused the disease, what is the nurse's most correct response? The most likely cause of this disease is:

answer

Group A ?-hemolytic streptococcus infections

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. While planning care, which characteristic changes should the nurse remember?

answer

Antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response

question

A 30-year-old female presents to her primary care provider with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. When the patient wants to know what caused the disease, what is the nurse's best response? the most likely cause of the disease is:

answer

Bacteria

question

A nurse is teaching staff about endocarditis. Which information should the nurse include? Inflammatory cells have difficulty limiting the colonization of microorganisms in infective endocarditis because the:

answer

Microorganisms are sequestered in a fibrin clot

question

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart?

answer

Atrial fibrillation

question

Which characteristic changes should the nurse keep in mind while caring for a patient with left heart failure? As left heart failure progresses:

answer

Left ventricular preload increases

question

A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. A nurse recalls his untreated hypertension led to:

answer

Myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling

question

A 59-year-old female is diagnosed with left ventricular failure. If a decrease in kidney perfusion occurs, the nurse knows this would ultimately cause:

answer

Increased systemic vascular resistance

question

A 68-year-old female is experiencing left heart failure. Physical exam reveals elevated blood pressure. The nurse understands this is most likely caused by:

answer

Sympathetic nervous system compensation for decreased cardiac output

question

When a patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea, which principle should the nurse remember? Pulmonary symptoms, common to left heart failure, are a result of:

answer

Pulmonary vascular congestion

question

A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. The nurse should monitor for a possible complication because a potential cause for her heart to fail is:

answer

Left heart failure

question

A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures should the nurse assess for in this patient?

answer

Right heart failure

question

A 72-year-old female has a history of a right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?

answer

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

question

Which condition should cause the nurse to assess for high-output failure in a patient?

answer

Anemia

question

When a person is in shock, a nurse remembers impairment in cellular metabolism is caused by:

answer

Inadequate tissue perfusion

question

One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is:

answer

Decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production

question

A nurse is planning care for a patient in shock. Which principle should the nurse remember? During shock states, glucose uptake is usually:

answer

Impaired

question

A 50-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI). He is being treated for shock. His cardiopulmonary symptoms include low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea. His skin is pale and cool. The primary cause of his shock is most likely:

answer

Decreased cardiac contractility

question

An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

answer

Hypovolemic

question

A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is:

answer

Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation

question

What factors make a patient prone to neurogenic shock? Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the:

answer

Sympathetic nervous system

question

A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment findings will the nurse asses for?

answer

Bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension

question

A nurse is teaching a patient about anaphylactic shock. Which information should the nurse include? The onset of anaphylactic shock is usually:

answer

Immediate and life threatening

question

For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following factors should the nurse determine occurred?

answer

Bacteria must enter the bloodstream

question

A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit?

answer

Low blood pressure, tachycardia, generalized edema

question

The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can lead to:

answer

Gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream

question

Which patient is most prone to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? In a patient with:

answer

Septic shock

question

A 75-year-old female has been critically ill with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) for longer than a week and has developed a severe oxygen supply and demand imbalance. The statement that best describes this imbalance is which of the following?

answer

The reserve has been exhausted, and the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the amount the circulation is able to deliver?

question

Which organ should the nurse monitor closely since it is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

answer

Lungs

question

Which of the following findings in the patient with Raynaud disease would indicate a need for further teaching?

answer

The patient smokes cigarettes

question

Which of the following lab tests will the nurse check to help diagnose heart failure and provide insight into its severity?

answer

Brain natriuretic

question

A nurse recalls acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by (select all that apply):

answer

- Prolonged immobility - Drug action - Starvation - Volume depletion

question

A patient has been researching cardiac cells on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for ___ minutes before irreversible cell injury occurs.

answer

20

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