Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life – Flashcards
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What is the broad definition of evolution?
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Descent with modification
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What is the narrow definition of evolution?
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A change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
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How did Aristotle view the origin of species?
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Each species has a certain affinity that is set and unchanging and life is perfect and permanent and has their own spot on the ladder
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What is Scala Naturae?
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Scala naturae is the arrangement of organism in order of increasing complexity
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How does the Old Testament view the origin of species?
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Argues that each creature was individually designed by God and is therefore perfect. Each species has a particular purpose
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What was Carolus Linnaeus's view on origin of species?
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Adopted a necessary classification system grouping similar species into general categories. Didn't say resemblance among species was due to kinship but due to pattern of creation
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Georges Cuvier
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Developed paleontology and noticed extinction. He said extinction was common and believed in catastrophism, meaning that a single event could wipe out a species. New species would migrate to a place after the other species became extinct
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What is the role of fossils in rock strata?
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Fossils help people see how much species have changed over time and help people see homologous structures
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What were James Hutton's belief on evolution?
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Earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating I.E. rivers make valleys
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What were Charles Lyell's beliefs on evolution?
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Uniformitarianism. The process where Earth process's now are similar to the ones in the past. THE EARTH IS WAY OLDER THAN THE OLD TESTAMENT SAYS
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What is use and disuse?(Proposed by Jean Baptiste Lamarck)
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The idea that parts of the body that are used a lot become larger and stronger while those that are not deteriorate
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What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics? (Proposed by Jean Baptiste Lamarck)
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Organisms could pass down these modifications to their offspring
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What are adaptations?
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Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.
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What is the process of natural selection?
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The process in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits
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What were the 4 observations that Darwin had to explain that species change over time?
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1. Variations in traits exist 2. These variations (traits) are heritable 3. Species overproduce 4. There is competition for resources; not all offspring survive
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What inferences did Darwin make from his four observations?
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1. better adapted individuals have more offspring 2. since good traits make species survive better, the traits will accumulate and be carried on
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What can differential reproductive success lead to over time?
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It can lead to unfavorable traits being weeded out of the general population and an increase in traits that cause higher reproductive success. If this goes on for long enough, a new species can evolve
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Do individuals or populations evolve?
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Populations
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Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant?
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Sometimes, because when taking antibiotics if the person doesn't take the full dose the weak bacteria are killed but the strong bacteria will become resistant rendering the antibiotic useless.
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What are the four pieces of evidence for evolution?
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1. direct observations of evolutionary change 2. fossil record 3. homology 4. biogeography
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What are homologous structures?
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A structure that is similar but has different use in organisms showing that the organism shares a common ancestor
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What are Vestigial structures?
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Structures that have no purpose anymore, but had in the past and have not gone away
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What are analogous structures?
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Performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin
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What is summarized by an evolutionary tree?
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The pattern of descent from common ancestors and the resulting homologies that reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms.
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What is indicated by each branch point on an evolutionary tree?
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Represents the common ancestor of lineages beginning there of to the right of it
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What is indicated by hash marks?
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A homologous characteristic shared by all of the groups
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How can you tell how closely related organisms are?
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How to tell how closely related organisms are is by how recent they have a common ancestor. For example, crocodiles are more closely related to birds than lizards because they have a more recent common ancestor
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What is convergent evolution?
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Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar species features in different lineages. This happens when organisms live in similar environments and have similar needs (thus creating analogous structures)
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What is biogeography?
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Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species and is influenced by the slow movement of Earth's continents over time or continental drift.
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What are endemic species?
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Endemic species are species that are found 1 place in the world.
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What is artificial selection?
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Like natural selection but "fitness" determined by human wants and needs Ex: Crossing crops to get a higher yield
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Darwin
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-Born in 1809 - Had $ and options -Went to the HMS beagle as a naturalist -Went to the Galapagos and had his A-HA moment
