Chapter 20 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Section 3 – Flashcards
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peninsulare
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Spanish born people who were members of the highest social class, dominating Latin American political and social life (only they could hold the highest jobs in government and church)
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creole
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European-descended Latin Americans who owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines (resented their 2nd class status)
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mestizo
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people of Native American and European descent in Latin America
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mulatto
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people of African and European descent in Latin America
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Simon Bolivar
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Young creole, inspired by the ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity" was a Latin revolutionary fighting for freedom in Venezuela ("The Liberator") --- moved revolution south into Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Toussaint L'Oeverture
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Self-educated former slave who lead a slave revolt in Haiti in 1791
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Father Miguel Hidalgo
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creole priest in Mexico who raised his voice for revolutionary freedom in 1810 who was later captured and executed -the first leader of Mexico's fight for independence
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Father Jose Morelos
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mestizo priest who called for wide-ranging social and political reform who wanted to improve conditions in Mexico, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men (captured and executed in 1815)
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Agustin de Iturbide
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conservative creole in Mexico who overthrew the Spanish viceroy making Mexico independent (now Emperor Agustin I)
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llaneros
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Venezuelan cowboys that Bolivar formed alliance
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Jose de San Martin
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a great creole general who defeated the Spanish in Chile before moving into Peru fighting against colonial rule
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Gran Colombia
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Bolivar's dream of a united South America
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Dom Pedro
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King of Portugal's son who refused to leave Brazil. He accepted a constitution with freedom of the press & religion, and had an elected legislature as he became emperor of an independent Brazil
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The Enlightenment
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Latin American creoles were inspired by the ideals of _________________
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Latin American leaders demanded independence
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What effect did Napoleon's invasion of Spain have on Latin America?
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Discontent among the creoles spread across South America
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What led to a widespread drive for independence in South America?
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Why did France, Spain, and Britain all send troops to fight Toussaint's army?
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They all wanted the lucrative colony of Haiti. They also feared the slave rebellion would spread, and theydepended on the slave trade
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Why might revolutionary France not have been very sympathetic with Toussaint's rebellion?
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It depended on money from Haiti's plantations
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Why do you think Mexico's first two independence leaders were priests?
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Priests were among the best educated people. They also had close contact with poor mestizos and Native Americans and saw their living conditions
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What were Iturbide's motives for rebellion?
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to seize power as emperor and avoid liberal reforms from Spain
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Why do you think Iturbide was quickly overthrown?
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Many of those who fought with him for independence wanted liberal reforms
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Why do you think it was so difficult for Bolívar and San Martín to win independence?
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Power was concentrated in the hands of the peninsulares
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How did Dom Pedro keep power in Brazil?
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by declaring independence and accepting a constitution
