Chapter 20 GRQ’s – Flashcards

The journeys of Niccolo and Maffeo Polo demonstrated that European society greatly changed after the western Roman Empire and the Carolingian Empire fell. The Europeans showed that they were interested in political organization, demographic increase, and economic growth which allowed them to make their way back into he larger world. Europe became interested in political organization in the high middle ages.

The Holy Roman Empire was the empire started by Otto of Saxony. He was proclaimed emperor by Pope James XII which created the Holy Roman Empire. The term "Holy" meant that the pope supported the empire although the pope was not an emperor or the legitimate leader. The term "Roman" meant that the Empire was a great empire like Rome. The term "empire" meant that the empire was a prominent power in Europe. The Holy Roman Empire was not a "Holy Roman Empire" because the pope was not an emperor the empire was not similar to Roman, and the empire was not really an empire.

The monarchies in France and England both exploited the relationships between the lord and their retainers. Both monarchies made it easier for themselves to acquire territories from other nobles and lords that do not have heirs to inherit their lands. However, the monarchy in France started when several nobles appointed Hugh Capet as King. The monarchy in England developed as the dukes in Normandy created a centralized state in which the dukes ruled all.

The horseshoe and the horse collar were two items that helped increase the agricultural yield in medieval Europe. The horseshoes helped to protect the hooves of the horses used to trop through soil. The horse collar allowed heavy loads to be carried by a horses should and chest rather than its neck which could kill the horse.

The textile industry in Europe helped expansion the growing European economy. Manufacturing and trade blossomed throughout Europe as textile specialization spread to various cities of Europe. In Italy, textile productions helped receive the Italian economy which fueled the emergence of trade throughout costal cities in the Mediterranean sea

The center of trade networks were situate din many Mediterranean countries especially Italy. Italy's well situated territory allowed it to benefit from trade networks throughout the Mediterranean. Many of the trading ports in the Mediterranean were influenced by Christian and Muslim merchants which allowed trade to appear popular from both Christian and Muslims in Europe.

The development of chivalry caused nobles to rethink their behaviors and manners across Europe. Nobel's needed to protect the welfare of women and children and needed to stay devoted to God in the Christian faith. Nobel's cold no longer seek their own personal needs but instead needed to follow he chivalric code and devote their lives to the causes of order, piety, and the Christian faith

Guilds were the new social classes that emerged in Europe during the High middle ages. Guilds were specifically organized organizations controlled by merchants and workers in a specific art field. Guilds redefined the purpose of standard for manufacturing qualities. Guilds also played a large role in social lives. The guild put a focus on friendship and mutual support. Guilds allowed medical cities to function property.

Scholasticisms is a theology that synthesizes both Christian values and logical Greek philosophy. It was centered around the thinking of Aristotle which became popular as universities arose around Europe, Scholasticisms only influenced a sophisticated, intellectual elite which caused it to be unpopular with the common person. Christianity gave the common people a primary set of beliefs that gave meaning to individual life.

Europeans expanded into territories including Iceland, Greenland, North America, and Finland. Europeans used Christianity in order to expand Europe into a growing community of cultures. The crusades also encouraged the expansion of Europe. Christian crusaders ventured into Muslim territories in order to regain the holy Lands conquered by Muslim forces.