Chapter 2 – Quiz Questions: Charged Molecules, Adoption Studies, Active Neurons – Flashcards

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During depolarization, _________ molecules rush into the axon; during repolarization _________ molecules rush out of the axon.
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sodium; potassium
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Anions are __________ charged molecules located _________ the axon.
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negatively; inside
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The process by which a single neuron relays messages to other neurons is called:
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synaptic transmission.
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In the process of communication between neurons, neurotransmitter molecules are released into the gap between neurons by the:
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synaptic vesicles
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An axon is polarized when:
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the inside of the axon is electrically negative with respect to the outside.
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Who discovered the synapse?
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Sir Charles Sherrington
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Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called:
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endorphins.
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In a highly intelligent person's brain, the proportion of _______ cells to neurons would be expected to be higher than in the brain of a person of normal intelligence..
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glial
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Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is an ACh antagonist that blocks the underlying _________.
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muscles
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You have been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and action potential to a group of high school students. You use as a model to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential and describe it as similar to the way:
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batteries generate electricity.
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A number of antiepileptic medications work to increase _______, as low levels have been linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.
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GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal referred to _____________ as "protoplasmic kisses'.
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synaptic gaps
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Oversupply of ________ can lead to migraines and seizures.
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glutamate
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The correct order of the structures of the motor neuron is:
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dendrites -> the cell body -> axon -> terminal branches of the axon.
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Marlee has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). As the disease progresses, communication to some of her muscles may slow down and she could lose some muscle control as a result of the degeneration of the:
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myelin sheath
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Synapses were discovered and named by ___________.
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Sir Charles Sherrington
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Matthew is paralyzed. It is likely his __________ transmission is blocked.
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ACh (Acetylcholine) - Page 40
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Neurotransmitter is to _______ as neural receptor is to ______.
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key; lock
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The peripheral nervous system includes _________, which carry/carries messages from the body to the central nervous system.
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sensory neurons
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The ________ gland triggers ovaries and testes to release sex hormones.
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pituitary
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Which of the following does the autonomic nervous system most directly control? - speech production - bladder contractions - thinking and memory - movement of the arms and legs
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bladder contractions
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If you were to compare the endocrine system and the body's electrochemical information system in terms of speed, you might call the former a _______ and the latter a _______.
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tortoise; hare
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Leiko is paralyzed below the waist following an accident. Though her genitals do not respond to erotic images, she does experience an increase in vaginal lubrication in response to genital stimulation. Leiko has most clearly suffered damage to her:
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spinal cord.
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A firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. It is likely that her _____ have released epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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adrenal glands
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A medical equipment company is thinking of expanding by developing lie-detection machines that measure perspiration, cardiovascular, and respiratory changes. On which of the following systems should their research focus?
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the sympathetic nervous system.
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Joan was born without functioning ovaries. What do we know? - She may need sex hormone replacement. - None of these things are true. - She will have difficulty urinating. - She will be a man.
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- She may need sex hormone replacement.
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Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons, the type of neuron you would be LEAST likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them would be a(n)_____.
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interneuron
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Normal people who have been blindfolded can name an object placed in their left hand because:
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information about the object is transferred across the corpus callosum to the left hemisphere of the brain.
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A right-handed split-brain patient can most effectively assemble a puzzle with the __________ hand because the __________ hemisphere of the brain excels at spatial tasks.
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left; right
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Evidence that the left hemisphere is especially effective at processing language is provided by the fact that split-brain patients are able to:
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read words more easily when they are flashed briefly in their right rather than their left visual field.
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The left hemisphere of a split-brain patient receives visual input only from the ________ visual field of __________.
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right; both right and left eyes.
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Right-handed split-brain patients are able to:
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name unseen objects placed in their right hands, but not objects placed in their left hands.
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While some neural clusters in the _____ regulate hunger, other areas influence thirst, sleep, body temperature, and sexual behavior.
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hypothalamas
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The _____ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.
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Medulla
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in hearing?
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temporal
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Research with split-brain patients suggests that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.
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left cerebral hemisphere
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In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.
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amygdala
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A person who suffers a head trauma slightly above the ear is likely to have problems with bodily functions controlled by the _____ lobes.
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temporal
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Greg starts to play baseball at the age of 6 and throws left-handed. He would have first exhibited his left hand dominance _____.
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thumb-sucking in the womb
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The limbic system structure that influences aggression is called the:
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amygdala
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The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as _____.
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association areas
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Cynthia performs well above her grade level in mathematics. Researchers would conclude that her _____ hemiphere functions very well.
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left
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The _____ is to sensory input as the registrar's office is to a college campus.
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thalamus
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The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are most directly involved in touch and body position.
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parietal
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Right-handed dominance in humans is:
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seen throughout human history.
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Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by a(n):
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electroencephalogram (EEG).
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A person who is having difficulty feeling touches and sensations most likely has a problem with his or her _____ lobes.
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parietal
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Dr. Schoenfeld is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. The part of the brain Dr. Schoenfeld should sever to help reduce his patients' seizures is the _____.
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corpus callosum
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Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel.
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glucose
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Jane took a hard fall backwards and banged her head while walking in the dark next to her house. She would be most likely to have problems associated with bodily functions controlled by the _____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.
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occipital
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In 1949, Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun severed a cat's _____ from higher brain regions; the cat lapsed into a permanent coma.
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reticular formation
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A panel of primate experts observes a group of chimpanzees and bonobos over a period of a few days. The primates are most likely to be observed picking up an object with their _____ hands.
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right
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Following a head injury, a person who has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others MOST likely suffered damage to the _____.
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amygdala
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If a cat's _____ is severed from the rest of the brain, it will stop engaging in purposefully climbing and eating, though it can still move.
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brain stem
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Someone with a split brain will have trouble verbally identifying an object projected in their _____ visual field.
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left
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A thermostat is to a house as the _____ is to the brain.
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hypothalamus
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Paul, a construction worker, is walking quickly through his construction site and runs face-first into a low-hanging beam. He notices afterward that he has trouble forming words. Paul may have suffered an injury to his _____ lobe.
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frontal
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Joe is experiencing vision problems after getting hit very hard in the back of the head during a hockey game. He likely has an injury to the _____ lobes of his cerebral cortex.
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occipital
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Chromosomes are composed of _______.
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DNA
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Using the principles of natural selection, _____ psychology attempts to study how behavior and the mind have evolved.
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evolutionary
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As environments become LESS similar, heredity becomes _____ important as a source of personality differences.
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less
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A random error in gene replication that leads to a change is called a:
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mutation
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You are in charge of hiring a cruise-ship social director and you want to pick someone who is very outgoing. Unfortunately, you only have information about the siblings of the potential candidates. Given what is known about the genetic transmission of outgoingness, which of the following candidates would you choose? the candidate whose fraternal twin is outgoing any candidate, because genes do not influence extraversion the candidate whose identical twin is outgoing the candidate whose older sister is outgoing
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the candidate whose identical twin is outgoing
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Your professor, an evolutionary psychologist, suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in the United States might be attributable to our _____ predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now, these foods are easily available and Americans are eating too much of them.
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genetic
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Your sister's fiance has an identical twin brother who has been divorced three times. What research information would be most applicable to her situation?
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Research has shown that divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors.
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June's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in Down syndrome. This is an example of a(n) _____.
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mutation
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Given findings from recent adoption studies, which of the following scenarios is the MOST likely? A biological brother and sister reared together will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. An adopted brother and sister reared together will share the same political and religious beliefs. An adopted brother and sister reared together will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. A biological brother and sister reared apart will share the same political and religious beliefs.
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An adopted brother and sister reared together will share the same political and religious beliefs.
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Dr. Simon is an evolutionary psychologist working on a research grant about the impact of _____ in everyday society.
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evolution
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When Mandy was born, her parents worried about her lack of eye contact, her unwillingness to cuddle like other babies, and her withdrawn behavior. However, her parents were patient and slowly introduced Mandy to new situations and new people while always giving affectionate support. By the time Mandy was 2 years old, she blossomed into an outgoing, social, friendly child. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:
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the interaction between genes and the environment.
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