Chapter 2 – Adol. Psych – Flashcards
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Hormones
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powerful chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream
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androgens
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the main class of MALE sex hormones
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estrogens
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the main class of FEMALE sex hormones
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hypothalamus
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structure in the brain that interacts with the pituitary gland to monitor the bodily regulation of hormones.
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adrenarche
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pubery phase involving hormonal changes in the adrenal gland. occur about 6-9 yrs in girls. one year later for boys
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menarche
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girls FIRST menstrual period
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spermarche
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boys FIRST ejaculation of semen
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Body mass
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some thing obesity is linked to earlier periods, or related to the percentage of boy fat in relation to total body weight.
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Birth-weight
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in girls low birth weight is linked to earlier period start and low birth weight in boys is linked to small balls during adolescence
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Cultural variations
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may be related to earlier onset of pubertal onset, occurred earlier in urban than rural areas.
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precocious puberty
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the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty
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secular trends
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patterns of the onset of puberty over historical time, especially across generations. It has been occurring 4 ms early every 10 yrs.
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Trend for menarche to occur earlier over time, now it is at 12 where a century ago it was at 14.
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Adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies.
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Girls have a more negative body image than boys during puberty
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Higher levels of androgens
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in boys are linked to violence and acting out
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Higher levels of estrogen
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in girls are linked to depression
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Hormones are not to blame completely for behavior, but are linked to many environmental factors, and various activates can activate or suppress hormones
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Early maturing girls increases their vulnerability to problems such as smoke, drink, depression, eating disorders, less likely to graduate, etc...
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Many behaviors that are linked to poor health habits and early death ina adults begin in adolescence.
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The more activities in a community that are healthy, like church, sports etc are linked to lower risk taking
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Adolescents underutilize health care system
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Only 31 percent of adolescents get 8 or more hours of sleep a night
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As adolescents get older they sleep later by about an hour, suggest having school start later in the day to improve performance
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genotypes
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person's genetic heritage. The actual genetic material ex: BB, or Bb
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phenotype
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the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics ex: brown eyes
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passive genotype-enviroment correlation
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correlations that occur because bio parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing env for the child.
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evocative genotype-enviroment correlations
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correlations that occur because an ado genetically shaped characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social enviroments.
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active (niche-picking) genotype-enviroment correlations
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correlations that occur when children seek out env that they find compatible and stimulating
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Heredity-Environment Interaction: Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
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shared envriomental experiences
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siblings common experiences such as their parents personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status, and the neighborhood in which they live
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nonshared enviromental experiences
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adolescents own unique experiences, both within a family and outside family that are not shared by a sibling
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Bronfenbrenner developed ______, a perspective that is receiving increased attention. -
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ecological theory
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Kaylee, age 22, has a cup of coffee for breakfast, skips lunch on most days, and eats a huge dinner. She is slightly overweight but does not exercise. She admits to getting by with only a few hours of sleep on weeknights but insists that she makes up for this by "sleeping in" on the weekends. Kaylee's lifestyle is
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fairly typical of someone in emerging adulthood.
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Ben and Alex, ages 12 and 14, live with their biological parents in a middle-class neighborhood. This is an example of:
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shared environment experience
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Brendan is 6 feet tall, and has red hair and green eyes. His cousin, Connor, is 5 feet, 6 inches tall, and has brown hair and brown eyes. Both boys are described as friendly and outgoing. These descriptions of genetic expression are known as their
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phenotypes
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Starting school later for older adolescents has been shown to
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improve test scores
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Lucy has grown up in a home with her biological mother and father and enjoys a middle socioeconomic class lifestyle. Joan has grown up with her adoptive parents and, although her family is fairly wealthy, her father has struggled with alcoholism for years. Kathy's parents have a poor relationship, low socioeconomic status, and her father frequently leaves the home for weeks at a time. Which of these girls will probably experience puberty FIRST?
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Kathy
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Which of the following is a determinant of puberty?
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all of these
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Judy and Justin are twins. Which of the following statements about their experiences with gonadarche is most likely to be TRUE?
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Judy will begin gonadarche one to two years before her brother.
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Expression of a certain trait or characteristic is partly due to genetics and partly shaped by
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life experiences.
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High risk-taking behavior in adolescents has been linked to
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hanging out with peers in unstructured contexts.
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Research has shown that, given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep about how many hours each night?
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9.5
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Gonadarche is the period most people think of as:
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puberty.
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Behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr identified different ways in which heredity and environment correlate. Which of the following is NOT a pattern she described?
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reactive
