question

Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?

answer

Loop of Henle

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

answer

Production of albumin

question

Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?

answer

Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

question

Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney?

answer

Bowman's capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle

question

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

answer

Collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder

question

Which statement about the bladder is TRUE?

answer

Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone.

question

Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?

answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries

question

By what process is water reabsorbed from the filtrate?

answer

Osmosis

question

Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?

answer

Antidiuretic hormone

question

Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?

answer

Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases.

question

Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?

answer

Sodium ions

question

From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.

answer

Albumin

question

Involuntary urination by a child after age 4 or 5, when bladder control is expected, is referred to as:

answer

enuresis.

question

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

answer

Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions.

question

When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?

answer

Active transport

question

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

answer

An ascending infection by E. coli

question

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

answer

Cystitis

question

Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?

answer

There is a continuous mucosa along the involved structures.

question

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

answer

urinary casts and flank pain.

question

In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

answer

Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule

question

Which pathophysiological process applies to acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

answer

Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation

question

What causes the dark urine associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

answer

Blood and protein leaking through the capillary into the filtrate

question

Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because:

answer

congestion and ischemia stimulate release of renin.

question

Urinary casts are present with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis because:

answer

inflamed tubules compress red blood cells (RBCs) and protein into a typical mass.

question

Which disease would cause an increased ASO titer and elevated serum ASK?

answer

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

question

Why does metabolic acidosis develop with bilateral kidney disease?

answer

Tubule exchanges are impaired.

question

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

answer

Decreased bicarbonate ion

question

What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?

answer

Gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia

question

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease? 1. Increased blood pressure 2. Elevated serum urea 3. Anemia 4. Acidosis

answer

1, 2, 3, 4

question

What are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome?

answer

Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

question

Why does blood pressure often remain near normal in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

answer

Hypovolemia results from fluid shift to the interstitial compartment.

question

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

hyperlipidemia.

question

Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?

answer

An attack of renal colic

question

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

answer

Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area

question

Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?

answer

Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke

question

What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?

answer

Microscopic hematuria

question

Which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis?

answer

Acute renal failure

question

Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?

answer

It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure.

question

Which of the following is related to Wilms' tumor?

answer

A genetic defect

question

With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:

answer

cardiac arrhythmias.

question

Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

answer

Very low GFR and increased serum urea

question

What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure? Prolonged circulatory shock, Sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins, Crush injuries or burns

answer

All of the above

question

Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?

answer

Diabetes

question

What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?

answer

Loss of tubule function

question

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

answer

A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia

question

Cystitis is more common in females because:

answer

the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora.

question

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

answer

Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate

question

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?

answer

Nephrosclerosis

question

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

answer

Vesicoureteral reflux

question

Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure?

answer

Limited protein intake

question

When acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure, a key indicator is:

answer

serum pH dropping below 7.35.

question

What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?

answer

Decreased reabsorption of sodium and water

question

Which of the following causes acute renal failure?

answer

Bilateral acute glomerulonephritis

question

Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?

answer

Increased serum urea and creatinine

question

Uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

high blood pressure.

question

Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure.

answer

Failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D

question

Agenesis is often not diagnosed because:

answer

it is usually asymptomatic as one kidney provides adequate function.

question

The normal pH of urine is:

answer

4.5- 8.0.

question

Wilms' tumor is:

answer

an encapsulated mass in one kidney.

question

Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:

answer

oliguria.

question

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

answer

increased pressure distending the bladder.

question

Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?

answer

Increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction

question

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the glomerular inflammation results from:

answer

a type III hypersensitivity reaction.

question

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the inflammation causes: a.increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries. b.glomerular congestion and decreased GFR. c.decreased blood pressure and edema.

answer

A and B

question

Circulatory shock causes:

answer

decreased GFR and increased renin secretion.

question

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

answer

local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow.

question

The reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by: 1. atrial natriuretic hormone. 2. antidiuretic hormone. 3. angiotensin. 4. the levels of bicarbonate ion.

answer

1, 2

question

Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:

answer

damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia.

question

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

answer

renal failure due to tubule damage.

question

Excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood is referred to as:

answer

azotemia.

Chapter 18: Urinary Systems Disorders – Flashcards

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