Chapter 18 CultGeo Central Europe and Northern Eurasia – Flashcards
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what are the main physical characteristics of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
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North European Plain Carpathian Mountains Danube River Lake Baikal
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what are the major climates of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
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Subarctic- Siberia Mediterranean- Dalmatian coast Humid Continental Marine West Coast- Baltic
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what are the major ecosystems of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
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Coniferous forest- Siberia Mixed forest Grasslands- Russian steppe
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what are the main ethnic groups of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
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Orthodox Christian Magyar- Hungary Slavic Muslims- Balkan peninsula
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what are the major economic activities of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia?
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Nomadic herding- Northern Russia Commercial farming Fishing Oil Forestry Mining
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domestication
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the process of breeding and training animals for use by humans Ex: horses all farm and circus animals
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communism
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a system of government in which the government controls the means of production, determining what goods will be made, how much workers will be paid, and how much items will cost
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Eurasia
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the name used for the landmass of Europe and Asia
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inland sea
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a sea that is almost completely surrounded by land Ex: Caspian Sea
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tundra
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a region where temperatures are always cool or cold and only special plants grow
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taiga
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thinly scattered, coniferous forests found in Europe and Asia Ex: Siberia
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steppe
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a temperate grassland found in Europe and Asia
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multiethic
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composed of many ethnic groups
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ethnic group
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people who share such things as culture, language, and religion
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acid rain
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rain whose high concentration of chemicals, usually from industrial pollution, pollutes water, kills plant and animal life, and eats away at the surface of stone and rock a form of chemical weathering
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infant mortality
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the number of children per 1,000 live births die within the first year
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maternal mortality
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the number of women who died due to pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births
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life expectancy
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the number of years an individual is expected to live as determined by statistics in a given area
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct All of the nations of central europe, have a seacoast, and all the national capitals are on the coast
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FALSE Some (8) of the nations of Central Europe have a seacoast, and very few (2) of the capitals are on the coast
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct Centuries ago, the Indo- European Slavs moved into Western Europe, the Bulgars conquered Bulgaria, and the Magyars took control of present day Poland.
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FALSE Centuries ago, the Indo- European Slavs moved into Eastern Europe, the Bulgars conquered Bulgaria, and the Magyars took control of present day Hungary
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct At the end of WWII, the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union remains a strong force in Europe today.
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FALSE At the end of WWII, the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe, but it dissolved in 1991.
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct Central Europe and Northern Eurasia form a huge region composed of many nations, including the world's largest nation, Ukraine.
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FALSE Central Europe and Northern Eurasia form a huge region composed of many nations, including the world's largest nation, Russia
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct The predominant climate of Central Europe is semiarid
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FALSE The predominant climate of Central Europe is humid continental
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct Tundra and chaparral ecosystems cover most of Northern Eurasia
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FALSE Tundra and taiga ecosystems cover most of Northern Eurasia
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TRUE or FALSE- if false, correct Since the 1980s, the economies of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia have generally moved from socialism to communism
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FALSE Since the 1980s, the economies of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia have generally moved from communism to capitalism
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example of an animal that has been domesticated
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horses
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example of an inland sea
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Caspian Sea
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example of taiga
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Siberia
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how many nations in central europe have a seacoast?
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8
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how many of these countries' capitals are on the coast?
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2
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in the past, where did the Indo- European Slavs move to?
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Western Europe
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in the past, what land did the Magyars take control of?
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present day Poland
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is the soviet union around today?
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no it dissolved in 1991
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what is the world's largest region?
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Russia
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what is the predominant climate of central europe?
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humid continental
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what ecosystems cover most of Northern Eurasia?
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tundra and taiga
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what did the economies of central europe and northern eurasia move from to to?
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from communism to capitalism
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out of Poland, Romania, russia, and ukraine, what country has the greatest life expectancy for both men and women?
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poland
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what is the life expectancy for women in poland?
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79.2
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what is the life expectancy for men in poland?
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71
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out of Poland, Romania, russia, and ukraine, what country has the lowest life expectancy for both men and women?
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russia
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do men or women generally have a greater life expectancy?
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women
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why might one nation have a much higher life expectancy than another?
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better health care better diet a general happier outlook on life
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what is the leading cause of death for men in russia?
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alcoholism
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why is the death year difference between men and women in the USA reducing?
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american men and women have a decreasing gap because women now work which causes stress which causes bad health which can cause death
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when did people living on the steppes of present day Russia and Ukraine use domestication?
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by 4000 B.C.
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what ethnicity were these people?
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scholars think probably early indo- europeans, the first of a series of invaders to sweep westward from the steppes of Russia and Ukraine
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what happened in central europe between AD 375 and 600?
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the Huns and Avars invaded from the east
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what was a result of this invasion?
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the Slavs moved into eastern europe
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what was a consequence of the Slavs moving?
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the Bulgars then conquered Bulgaria the Magyars took control of present day Hungary
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what did the Byzantine missionaries do?
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they won converts, mainly in present day Russia and southeastern Europe
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what was happening with the roman catholics at this time?
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roman Catholicism predominated in Poland, the Czech lands, Hungary, and Croatia
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when did the roman Catholic and eastern orthodox churches split?
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1054
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what was a result of this split?
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eastern europe was divided between them
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what was also happening at this same time in another location?
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meanwhile, by 644 Arab invaders had brought Islam to the northeastern Caucasus
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who conquered Russia in 1245?
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Mongols
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what is another name for the mogols?
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tatars
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what happened during the following century?
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the tatars of Russia converted to Islam
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what happened in 1386 in central europe?
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Poland and Lithuania united in 1386, as Europe's largest kingdom, expanded southeast across Ukraine by 1500
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what did the Turkish Ottoman empire do soon after that?
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they conquered southeastern europe
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what did the Austrian Hapsburg emporers do in 1526?
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they gained control of Hungary, the Czech lands, and Slovakia
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what had the princes of Moscow done by the 1500s?
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they had ended Tatar domination and emerged as the leaders of Russia
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what did Russia do in the next few centuries?
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they established an empire stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific ocean
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what was happening to Poland at this time?
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they disappeared from the map because its territory was seized by Russia and other powers
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what were the Russian monarchs like?
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they were more autocratic than western monarchs, and many economic and political developments bypassed Russia because of this
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what happened in the late 1800s?
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Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottomans
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what accelerated after WWI when Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary gained independence?
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the formation of nations
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what did the Russian revolution of 1917 lead to?
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the establishment of the Soviet Union
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what kind of government did the Soviet Union adopt?
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communism
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what happened to the Soviet Union after WWII?
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they gained control over eastern europe, which then became communist
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how long did Soviet domination last?
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until 1989
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what happened when the soviet communist government left countries once run by the union?
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the countries began adopting democracy and market economies
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what big step did countries previously run by the Soviet Union take in 2005?
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8 former communist countries were full members of the EU
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when did the Soviet Union dissolve?
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1991
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what did the Soviet Union become after its fall?
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it broke up into Russia and smaller national states such as Ukraine and Belarus
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what has occurred as a result of this breaking up?
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ethnic conflicts have erupted
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where have the most violent efforts been made?
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by the small state of Chechnya in attempts to gin independence from Russia
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what do geographers say marks the border between Europe and Asia?
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the Ural mountains
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what is the physical landscape of Eurasia?
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flat in the west and rises higher toward the east and south
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what is the 2 longest river in europe?
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the Danube River
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what direction does the danube flow?
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it flows eastward
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where does the danube start?
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germany
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where does it empty out?
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into the Black Sea
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as it is emptying into the black sea, what happens to the danube?
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it moves through a narrow gorge called the Iron Gates
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where is Lake Baikal located?
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in southeastern siberia
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what world records does this lake hold?
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it is the deepest lake and the largest freshwater lake
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how much of the world's fresh water does this lake hold?
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20%
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what has polluted the lake in recent years?
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logging and chemical industries
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what is much of the land of central europe and northern eurasia covered in?
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broad plains and gently rolling hills
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what has happened as a result of this landscape?
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movement in the region has been fairly easy throughout history
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what is most of the eurasia region's climate like?
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cooler
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what 3 climate regions cover most of russia?
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subarctic tundra humid continental a small portion of the region has milder weather
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where does the neva river run?
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through St. Petersburg, Russia
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what happens to the river in winter?
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it freezes over
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how do people get there food when this happens?
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they cut holes in the ice to fish
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what is an example of an inland sea?
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the black sea
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what is the weather like in the black sea area?
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during the winter, cold northerly winds bring strong storms warm summers
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what is the range of climate zones in central europe and northern asia?
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from mid- mediterranean to frigid tundra
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what place besides antarctica endures the coldest winters in the world?
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Irkutsk, Russia
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where is tundra found?
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where central europe/ northern asia touch the arctic ocean
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what ecosystem is south of the tundra?
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coniferous forests called taiga and steppes
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what does Bialowieza national park in poland contain that is very important?
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one of the last surviving areas of forests that covered much of europe in 8,000BC
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what animals live in this park?
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bison elk deer wolves wild horses
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what does the steppe cover?
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much of Ukraine and southern Russia
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what does the steppe do for ukraine and russia?
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provides fertile soil for agriculture
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what are distinguishing characteristics of northern eurasia?
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tundra and lakes
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what are the affects of the polar conditions in northern russia?
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they discourage all but the toughest grasses, mosses, and lichens
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when do lichens grow?
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during the short summers of the northern eurasia environment
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what has influenced culture in central europe and northern eurasia?
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history and geography
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what has been difficult for the people over the years?
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movement has been easy with its few physical barriers such as mountains or wide oceans
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why did people settle in this region?
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to gain control of natural resources and territory
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what has made these nations multiethnic?
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migration
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what has been important in central europe from thousands of year?
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orthodox Christianity
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Since the late 1980s, the economies of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia have generally moved from ________to some form of _________.
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communism capitalism
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what is romania's life expectancy?
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low life expectancy weak health care high pollution in some parts of the area -- low life expectancy
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how is health in Ukraine?
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bad because of Chernobyl
